Titus Burckhardt

His genealogical tree also includes John Lewis Burckhardt (1784–1817), the explorer who discovered the Nabatean city of Petra and the Egyptian temples of Abu Simbel.

After some disappointments, his search led him to Fez, where he met Sheikh Ali al-Darqawi, the grandson and spiritual successor of Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi (†1823), the reformer of the Shadhili order.

He was initiated by the Sheikh and received into the Tariqa Darqawiya.

In a bid to meet his material needs, he acquired a flock of sheep and pastured them in the countryside of the Middle Atlas, but this did little to improve his precarious finances.

Parallel with this, he took up an apprenticeship in zellij tile-making with a master craftsman from Fez, who urged him to memorize the Alfiyya of Ibn Malik, a didactic poem of a thousand verses which sets out all the rules of Arabic grammar; Burckhardt remained ever grateful to him for this.

Scion of a patrician family of Basel, Switzerland, Titus Burckhardt was the son of the sculptor Carl Burckhardt (1878–1923) and the grand-nephew of Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897), an art historian and Renaissance specialist.

Titus Burckhardt (24 October 1908 – 15 January 1984) was a Swiss writer and a leading member of the Perennialist or Traditionalist School.

He was the author of numerous works on metaphysics, cosmology, anthropology, esoterism, alchemy, Sufism, symbolism and sacred art.

He was born in Florence, Italy, on October 24, 1908.

The following year his family settled in Basel.

He attended the same primary school as Frithjof Schuon, who became a lifelong friend.

In 1920, his family left Basel for Ligornetto in the Swiss canton of Ticino, where his father died three years later.

Around 1927, Burckhardt began studying painting, sculpture and art history in Munich and Paris.

Drawn to a traditional lifestyle that the West could not offer him, he took advantage of a break in his studies to visit Morocco (1928 or 1929), where he dedicated himself to drawing and painting.

He was captivated by this sojourn, which marked the beginning of his spiritual quest.

On his return, he discovered the works of the French metaphysician René Guénon, in whom "he found the key to the world that had entranced him".

Schuon had received initiation from this Shadhili Sheikh in 1932.

Burckhardt soon realized that his predestined guide was none other than his childhood friend.

Burckhardt's complete integration into local life made him suspect in the eyes of the French authorities, who ordered him to leave the country.

In early 1933, Burckhardt returned to Morocco in search of a spiritual master.

He converted to Islam and learned Arabic, enabling him to assimilate the Sufi classics in their original language.

In early 1935, he was visited in Fez by Frithjof Schuon, who was on his way back to Europe from the zawiya of the late Sheikh al-Alawi of Mostaganem.

Thus in the spring of 1935, he returned to Basel.

This marked the beginning of his correspondence with René Guénon, as well as his affiliation with Schuon's tariqa.

Schuon, who was living in France at that time, charged Burckhardt with the spiritual direction of his disciples in Basel.

From 1936 to 1938 Burckhardt studied art history and Oriental languages at the University of Basel.

1937 marked the beginning of his collaboration with the Guénonian-inspired journal Études Traditionnelles, in which he published articles on traditional art (in particular Hindu, Christian and Muslim art), alchemy, traditional cosmology and astrology, folklore and various symbolisms.

Many of these articles were later collected into two volumes.

The journal also published his translations of Sufi treatises by Al-Ghazali, Ibn Arabi, Abd al-Karim al-Jili and al-Arabi al-Darqawî.

In the view of the Pakistani professor Muhammed Suheyl Omar, Burckhardt is one of the few authors who has not only expounded, but also assimilated, Ibn Arabi's metaphysics, a view confirmed by the Iranian Islamologist Seyyed Hossein Nasr, who has also said that Burckhardt's opus has contributed to the West's interest in Ibn Arabi since the second half of the 20th century.

Burckhardt married in 1939.

Shortly thereafter, he was appointed artistic director and director of publications by the Swiss German publishing house Urs Graf, headquartered in Olten and Basel and specializing in the reproduction of medieval illuminated manuscripts.

The quality of Urs Graf's publications brought it a worldwide reputation in its domain, and in October 1950, in a private audience, Burckhardt presented Pope Pius XII with a quadrichromic facsimile in three volumes of the celebrated Book of Kells (Evangeliorum quatuor codex Cenannensis), a gospel in the Celtic tradition dating from 800 A.D., published by his company.

In 1951, 1958 and 1960 other publishing houses brought out the original editions of Burckhardt's Introduction to Sufi Doctrine, Sacred Art in East and West and Alchemy, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul.

Following Guénon, Coomaraswamy and Schuon, Burckhardt became identified as one of the great 20th century spokesmen of the philosophia perennis, "that 'uncreated wisdom' expressed in Platonism, the Vedanta, Sufism, Taoism and other authentic esoteric and sapiential teachings".

In 1952, Burckhardt and his wife moved to Lausanne, where he founded the French-Swiss branch of Urs Graf and created the collection Stätten des Geistes ("Cities of the Spirit") for which he wrote and illustrated three volumes: Siena, City of the Virgin, Fez, City of Islam, and Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral.

These completed the collection, which already included volumes on Mount Athos, Mount Sinai, Celtic Ireland, Constantinople and Kyoto.

He remained there until his retirement in 1968.

His working languages were German, French, Arabic, Latin, English and Italian.

He and his wife settled in Bern, halfway between Olten and Lausanne, where Schuon resided.