Theodore Dalrymple

Anthony Malcolm Daniels (born 11 October 1949), also known by the pen name Theodore Dalrymple, is a conservative English cultural critic, prison physician and psychiatrist.

He worked in a number of Sub-Saharan African countries as well as in the East End of London.

He studied medicine at the University of Birmingham, graduating with an MB ChB degree in 1974.

He became a Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in 1980, and qualified as a specialist in psychiatry in 1997.

His work as a physician took him to: Southern Rhodesia (now, Zimbabwe), Tanzania, South Africa and the Gilbert Islands (now, Kiribati).

Daniels began sending unsolicited articles to The Spectator in the early 1980s; his first published work, entitled A Bit of a Myth appeared in the magazine in August 1983 under the name A.M. Daniels.

Between 1984 and 1991 Daniels published articles in The Spectator under the pseudonym Edward Theberton.

Daniels has written extensively on culture, art, politics, education, and medicine – often drawing on his experiences as a doctor and psychiatrist in Africa and the United Kingdom.

The historian Noel Malcolm has described Daniels's written accounts of his experiences working at a prison and a public hospital in Birmingham as "journalistic gold", and Moore observed that "it was only when he returned to Britain that he found what he considered to be true barbarism – the cheerless, self-pitying hedonism and brutality of the dependency culture. Now he is its unmatched chronicler."

He returned to the United Kingdom in 1990, where he worked in London and Birmingham.

In 1991, he made an extended appearance on British television under the name Theodore Dalrymple.

On 23 February, he took part in an After Dark discussion, called "Prisons: No Way Out", alongside former gangster Tony Lambrianou, Greek journalist and writer Taki Theodoracopulos, and others.

The essays, which the Manhattan Institute had first begun publishing in City Journal in 1994, deal with themes such as personal responsibility, the mentality of society as a whole, and the troubles of the underclass.

As part of his research for the book, Dalrymple interviewed over 10,000 people who had attempted suicide.

He is the author of a number of books, including: Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass (2001), Our Culture, What's Left of It (2005) and Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (2010).

In his writing, Daniels frequently argues that the leftist views prevalent within Western intellectual circles minimise the responsibility of individuals for their own actions and undermine traditional mores, contributing to the formation within prosperous countries of an underclass afflicted by endemic violence, criminality, sexually transmitted diseases, welfare dependency, and drug abuse.

Much of Dalrymple's writing is based on his experience of working with criminals and the mentally ill.

Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass, a collection of essays was published in book form in 2001.

Charles Moore wrote in 2004 that "Theodore Dalrymple, then writing under a different pseudonym, is the only writer I have ever chosen to publish on the basis of unsolicited articles".

Before his retirement in 2005, he worked in City Hospital, Birmingham and Winson Green Prison in inner-city Birmingham, England.

Daniels is a contributing editor to City Journal, published by the Manhattan Institute, where he is the Dietrich Weismann Fellow.

In addition to City Journal, his work has appeared in: The British Medical Journal, The Times, New Statesman, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator, The Salisbury Review, National Review, New English Review, The Wall Street Journal and Axess magasin.

In 2005, he retired early as a consultant psychiatrist.

He has a house in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, and also a house in France.

Regarding his pseudonym "Theodore Dalrymple", he wrote that he "chose a name that sounded suitably dyspeptic, that of a gouty old man looking out of the window of his London club, port in hand, lamenting the degenerating state of the world".

He is an atheist, but has criticised anti-theism and says that "To regret religion is, in fact, to regret our civilization and its monuments, its achievements, and its legacy".

Raised in a non-religious Jewish home, he began doubting the existence of a God at age nine.

He became an atheist in response to a moment in a school assembly.

Daniels has also used other pen names.

As "Edward Theberton", he has written articles for The Spectator from countries in Africa, including Mozambique.

He used the name "Thursday Msigwa" when he wrote Filosofa's Republic, a satire of Tanzania under Julius Nyerere.

He may also have used another pen name, in addition to his bona fide name.

Our Culture, What's Left of It: The Mandarins and the Masses, published in 2005, is another collection of essays in which he contends that the middle class's abandonment of traditional cultural and behavioural aspirations has, by example, fostered routine incivility and militant ignorance among the poor.

He examines diverse themes and figures in the book including Shakespeare, Marx, Virginia Woolf, food deserts and volitional underclass malnutrition, recreational vulgarity, and the legalisation of drugs.

In 2011, Dalrymple was awarded the Prize for Liberty by the Flemish classical-liberal think-tank Libera!.

Daniels was born in Kensington, London.

His father was a Communist businessman of Russian Jewish descent, while his Jewish mother was born in Germany.

She came to England as a refugee from the Nazi regime.

His grandfather had served as a major in the German Army during WW1.

Daniel Hannan wrote in 2011 that Dalrymple "writes about Koestler's essays and Ethiopian religious art and Nietzschean eternal recurrence – subjects which, in Britain, are generally reserved for the reliably Left-of-Centre figures who appear on Start the Week and Newsnight Review. It is Theodore's misfortune to occupy a place beyond the mental co-ordinates of most commissioning editors."