Romuald Rajs

Romuald Rajs, nom de guerre "Bury" (30 November 1913 – 30 December 1949), was a Polish soldier, a member of Home Army (AK) and National Military Union (NZW), an anti-communist insurgent and war criminal.

In 1913, Romuald Adam Rajs was born in the village of Jabłonka, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, which is near Sanok.

In 1934 Rajs graduated from the School for Non-commissioned Officers in Konin and took the parachute course in Biedrusko near Poznań.

With the rank of Corporal he was assigned to the 85 Infantry Regiment in Nowa Wilejka, Wilno Voivodeship.

In August 1939 his unit was incorporated in the "Prusy" army.

During the September campaign his unit was dispersed in the Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and was destroyed by 15 September near Lublin.

A few days later, a groups of soldiers led by Rajs was stopped by Belarusians near Kovel and sent to Bereza Kartuska to lay down their arms and horses.

Returning to Vilnius, he joined a Polish underground resistance movement, and in 1942 he submitted to Lieutenant Gracjan Fróg "Góral" of the National Radical Camp (ONR-Falanga).

In September 1943 he joined the "Goral" partisan group, which from March 1944 was known as the 3rd Brigade of Vilinus Home Army.

Commanding the first assault company, his unit had a reputation for successful combat operations.

Rajs led by example, often serving as the lead attacker in his group.

He is noted for his successful defense of the village of Mikuliszki during a German manhunt, in which heavy losses were inflicted on the Germans.

In July 1944 Rajs took part in Operation Ostra Brama against the Germans.

However, he was also known for unscrupulous actions, personally killing prisoners of war.

After the disarmament of the Vilinus brigade by the Soviets on 17 July 1944, he hid out in an estate near Vilinus.

At the end of November he joined the communist Polish People's Army, and was assigned to Independent State Forest Protection Battalion and appointed commander of the 2nd Platoon of the 4th Company in Białystok.

Two months later he was transferred to Hajnówka, to protect against illegal logging.

In May 1945 he deserted from the Polish People's Army, and joined Zygmunt Szendzielarz's recreated Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade as a second lieutenant.

This Brigade did not comply with the order to disband issued by the Home Army.

Commanding the 2nd squadron of the Brigade, he carried out several raids against the communist forces.

In September 1945 Szendzielarz disbanded the brigade, but Rajs decided to continue to fight and made contact with Major Jan Szklarek of the National Military Union (NZW).

He became head of PAS Special Forces (Pogotowie Akcji Specjalnej) within NZW Białystok.

NZW's goal was the liberation of Poland from Soviet rule, with a national-Catholic character.

Rajs pushed for action, and in particular ruthless action against the soldiers of the Polish People's Army and the local Belarusian population.

However, following pacification of the district by the communists, he demobilized the unit in October and went to visit his wife near Warsaw.

In 1946 the unit under his command burned several Belarusian villages in the region of Białystok and massacred about 79 villagers.

He returned to Białystok in January 1946, and took command of the 120 soldiers of the 3rd Vilnius Brigade of the NZW.

In January and February 1946, Rajs' unit "pacified" six Belarusian villages, murdering 79-87 civilians and wounding dozens.

In Zaleszany, Hajnówka County his men locked civilians in a building and then burned them alive.

While the motivation for these actions is not entirely clear, it is known that it was not accidental.

During January 1946 Rajs' unit captured forty horse cart drivers near Łozice.

Those drivers who declared themselves Polish were released, while the remaining 29 were shot near Puchały Stare.

The unit then went on a killing rampage in the villages of Zaleszany, Wólka Wygonowska, Zanie, Szpaki, Końcowizna, Popówka, Rajska, Sypnie, and Potoka, killing an additional 50 people.

These killings were condemned by the NZW itself, which intended to court-martial Rajs, however this ultimately did not happen.

The activity of PAS-NSW, under the command of Rajs, against the ethnic Belarusians in the region of Białystok encouraged many Belarusians to view the communist government as less hostile to them than the Polish underground.

He was sentenced to death in a show trial held by the Polish communist government in 1949, charged with membership in delegalized NZW.

Following the trial, he was executed in 1949.

The verdict was nullified by the Military Court of Warsaw in 1995.

In 2005, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance conducted an investigation which revealed that his actions bear the marks of genocide against Orthodox Belarusian community in post-war boundaries of Poland.

Rajs is revered by regional nationalist Polish groups as a hero which creates tensions with the local Belarusian and Eastern Orthodox inhabitants.