Reuben Snake

Reuben Alvis Snake, Jr. (1937–1993) was an American Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) activist, educator, spiritual leader, and tribal leader.

Reuben Alvis Snake, Jr. was born on January 12, 1937, on the Winnebago Indian Reservation in Thurston County, Nebraska.

His parents were Reuben Harold and Virginia Greyhair Snake.

His parents divorced and he experienced many instabilities in his childhood.

In 1950, he briefly attended the Haskell Institute (now Haskell Indian Nations University).

During this time period he had struggled with alcoholism.

After dropping out of college he joined the United States Army from 1956 to 1958 and was honorably discharged.

He served as a leader within the American Indian Movement (AIM) in the 1970s, and in the National Congress of American Indians in the 1980s.

In August 1970, he participated in the Native American occupation of Mount Rushmore (i.e. "Mount Crazy Horse").

In 1972, he became the national chairman of the American Indian Movement (AIM), a civil rights organization focused on Native Americans.

He worked as a leader during the Trail of Broken Treaties in 1972.

Snake served as a spiritual leader and roadman (a peyote leader) within the Native American Church starting in 1974.

In 1975, Snake was appointed chairman of the Winnebago tribe.

From 1985 until 1987, Snake was the president of the National Congress of American Indians.

While working for the National Congress of American Indians, Snake made buttons that read, "your humble servant".

He later went by the nickname, "Your Humble Serpent".

Snake taught culture courses at the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA).

Snake had fought the overturn of Employment Division v. Smith (1990) in the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

Snake died on June 28, 1993, at the age of 56.

A year after his death, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act was amended by President Bill Clinton under the name the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which allowed for the use of peyote in religious ceremony.

Snake worked towards the establishment of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which passed after his death in 1994.

He advocated for the use of religious, ceremonial peyote.

He had organized the Native American Religious Freedom Project in order to lobby for national legislation, and the passage of 1994 amendment, American Indian Religious Freedom Act.

By the age of 40 he had already suffered from two heart attacks and diabetes.

He was the subject of the posthumous biography, Your Humble Serpent: The Wisdom of Reuben Snake (1995; Clear Light Books; written by Jay Fikes) and a documentary film of the same title (1996; Peacedream Productions; by film director Gary Rhine).

His archive is located in the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C.

Michael Pollan wrote the book How to Change Your Mind (2018), which became a Netflix docuseries in 2022 of the same name and featured a segment on Native American use of peyote (mescaline) and mentions Snake's legal battle (season 1, episode 4).