Rasuna Said

Hajjah Rangkayo Rasuna Said (14 September 1910 – 2 November 1965) was a campaigner for Indonesian independence and women's rights, particularly their rights to education and participation in politics.

Being politically active herself prior and after Indonesia's independence, Rasuna Said became a member of various political organizations and later served as a member of the Provisional People's Representative Council and the Supreme Advisory Council under Sukarno's tenure.

Due to her involvement in Indonesia's struggle for independence, she was recognized posthumously as an Indonesian national heroine.

Rasuna Said was born in Maninjau on 14 September 1910.

Her family were devout Muslims.

She grew up in the house of her uncle as her father's work often took him away from home.

Unlike her siblings, she attended a religious, rather than secular, school and later moved to Padang Panjang, where she attended the Dininyah school, which combined religious and secular subjects.

In 1923, she became an assistant teachers at the newly established Diniyah Putri girls' school, founded by Rahmah el Yunusiyah, but returned to her hometown three years later after the school was destroyed by an earthquake.

The scholar Peter Post states that Said was asked to resign by Yunisyah because she was teaching political subjects to the students, which Yunisiyah forbade.

She then studied for two years at a school linked to political and religious activism, and attended speeches given by the school director about nationalism and Indonesian independence.

In 1926, Rasuna Said became active in the communist-affiliated Sarekat Rakyat (Peoples Union) organization, which was dissolved following a failed communist uprising in West Sumatra in 1927.

The following year, she became a member of the Islamic Union Party, rising to a position in the leadership of the Maninjau branch.

Following its establishment in 1930, she joined the Union of Indonesian Muslims (Persatuan Muslim Indonesia, Permi), an organization based on Islam and nationalism.

That following year, Rasuna who was once again teaching in Padang Panjang, left her job after a disagreement with her employer as Rasuna had been teaching her students about the need for political action to bring about Indonesian independence, and moved to Padang, where the Permi leadership was based.

There, she established a school for girls.

On 23 October 1932, at a public meeting of the Permi women's section in Padang Panjang, Rasuna made a public speech entitled "Steps to the Independence of the People in a Greater Indonesia" in which she condemned the ruination of people's livelihoods and the damage done to the Indonesian people by colonialism.

She also said that the Quran condemned colonialism.

A few weeks later, in another speech in Payakumbuh before a thousand people, she said the Permi's policy was to treat imperialism as the enemy.

Despite a warning from an official, she continued by once again saying the Quran called imperialism the enemy of Islam.

She proclaimed, "We must achieve Indonesian independence, independence must come."

Shortly afterwards she was arrested and charged with "sowing hate", becoming the first Indonesian woman to be charged with a Speekdelict – speaking offense.

She was subsequently sentenced to 15 months in jail, which gave her national prominence as her trial and sentencing were widely reported.

She used her trial to call for independence, and attracted widespread support.

She was jailed in Semarang, Central Java.

More than a thousand people came to witness the departure of the ship taking her to Java.

Rasuna was released from jail in 1934.

She studied at a Permi teacher training college in Padang for four years.

She also worked as a journalist, writing articles criticizing Dutch colonialism in the Raya college journal.

In 1938 she moved to Medan, then returned to Padang after the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies.

She was arrested by the Japanese because of her membership of a pro-Indonesian independence organization, but was released after a short time as the authorities feared causing public discontent.

In 1943 she joined the strongly nationalist Giyūgun military volunteer force, which had been established by the Japanese in Sumatra.

She helped to establish the women's section, Hahanokai.

After the 17 August 1945 proclamation of Indonesian independence, Rasuna worked with pro-republic organizations, and in 1947 became a senior member and head of the women's section of the National Defense Front (Fron Pertahanan Nasional).

She later joined Volksfront, which was a component of the Struggle Union established by nationalist-communist Tan Malaka.

As a result of friction between this organization and the regional government, Rasuna was placed under house arrest for a week.

Rasuna was also a member of the Sumatra Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Sumatra), and in July 1947 became a member of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP), the provisional legislature.

Ahead of the body's sixth session in 1949, she was appointed to the KNIP Working Committee representing Sumatra.

In 1950, she became a member of the Provisional People's Representative Council.

In 1959 she was appointed a member of the Indonesian Supreme Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung), a position she held until her death in Jakarta in 1965.

A devout Muslim, Rasuna campaigned actively for women's educational and political rights, believing that her reformist convictions provided a basis for advocating for women.