Otto Abetz

Otto Friedrich Abetz (26 March 1903 – 5 May 1958) was a German diplomat, a Nazi official and a convicted war criminal during World War II.

Abetz was born in Schwetzingen on 26 March 1903.

He was the son of an estate manager, who died when he was 13.

Abetz graduated in Karlsruhe, where he became an art teacher at a girls' school.

He joined the Hitler Youth where he became a close friend of Joachim von Ribbentrop.

He was one of the founders of the Reichsbanner, the paramilitary arm of the Social Democrats, and was associated with groups such as the Black Front, a group of dissident National Socialists associated with Otto Strasser.

In his twenties Abetz started a Franco-German cultural group for youths, along with Jean Luchaire, known as the Sohlberg Congress.

The group brought together German and French youth of all professions, social classes, political leanings, and religious affiliation.

The group held their first conference in the Black Forest, and were frequently convened around ski slopes, campfires, and in hostels.

The group maintained relations with the media through Luchaire's connection to Notre Temps, and Abetz started the Sohlberg Circle (Sohlbergkreis).

Abetz joined the Nazi Party and the SA in the early 1930s later becoming a member of the SS.

Abetz played a significant role in strengthening ties between Nazi Germany and Vichy France during World War II.

Abetz "pledged his support" for the NSDAP in 1931 and formally joined in 1937, the year he applied for the German Foreign Service.

Abetz married Luchaire's French secretary, Susanne de Bruyker, in 1932.

His politics were leftist, and he was known as a pacifist who bridged differences with fascists.

In 1934 the Sohlberg Circle was reborn as the Franco-German Committee (Comité France-Allemagne), which included Pierre Drieu La Rochelle and Jacques Benoist-Mechin.

From 1938, he was representing Germany in Paris and joined the masonic lodge "Goethe" in 1939.

Abetz attended the Munich Conference in 1938.

He was expelled from France in June 1939 following allegations he had bribed two French newspaper editors to write pro-German articles; his expulsion created a scandal in France when it emerged that the wife of the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet was a close friend of the two editors, which led to much lurid speculation in the French press that Bonnet had received bribes from Abetz, though no firm evidence has ever emerged to support the rumours.

Abetz was present in Adolf Hitler's entourage at the fall of Warsaw, and served as a translator for the German Führer.

In 1940, after the German occupation of France, he was appointed German ambassador to France.

Abetz played a significant role in strengthening ties between Nazi Germany and the collaborationist Vichy government.

Abetz played a significant role in facilitating the persecution and deportation of Jews by the Nazi regime from France during the Holocaust.

He returned to France in June 1940 following the German occupation and was assigned by Joachim von Ribbentrop to the embassy in Paris.

Following Hitler's June 30 directive, Abetz was assigned by Ribbentrop the looting of all objects of art, public, private, and especially Jewish-owned.

Abetz announced to the Wehrmacht that the embassy had been "charged with the seizure of French works of art... and with the listing and seizure of works owned by Jews."

On 17 September 1940 Hitler allowed Einsatzstab Rosenberg to take part and push Abetz out.

The Pétain government protested Abetz's undertakings in late October, but by the end of October so much material had accumulated at the Louvre that it was decided more space was needed.

In November 1940 Abetz was appointed to the German Embassy in Paris, in occupied France, at the age of 37 – a post he held until July 1944.

He was also head of the French fifth columnists through Ribbentrop's special unit within the Foreign Service.

He advised the German military administration in Paris and was responsible for dealing with the Vichy Government.

In May 1941, he negotiated the Paris Protocols to expand German access to French military facilities.

Abetz's antisemitic beliefs were a pivotal factor in his personal recruitment by Adolf Hitler.

It was Abetz who proposed the deportation of stateless Jews to France's unoccupied zone and later to extermination camps in the East.

Abetz assumed a prominent role in the deportation process, targeting both foreign Jewish refugees and French-born Jews, particularly after the occupation of southern France by Germany.

On July 2, 1942, Abetz advocated for the deportation of 40,000 Jews from France to Auschwitz in a telegram, emphasising the need for comprehensive measures within both the occupied and unoccupied zones.

This marked a turning point in his involvement in the holocaust.

After Germany's defeat in 1945, Abetz was captured and later stood trial at the Nuremberg Trials.

He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, particularly for his involvement in the persecution of Jews, and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.

He was released in 1954 due to health reasons and died in 1958.