Mon Rivera

Don Mon was born in Rio Cañas Arriba, a barrio in the outskirts of the city and municipality of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, close to the place Eugenio María de Hostos was born) in 1899. He lived in the working class Barcelona barrio of the city proper. He was a janitor and handyman at the nearby University of Puerto Rico - Mayagüez for more than 40 years, and was well loved by the campus community. Known as "'Rate" by his closest friends, Don Mon gained a strong reputation as a composer of plenas, a musical genre considered the "musical newspaper of the barrio". He assembled impromptu plena jams in the neighborhood, which were so widely known that they were preserved for posterity in the documentary film (1956) by Amilcar Tirado (Don Mon appears at the last segment, improvising lyrics). Curiously enough, at the time don Mon was illiterate and had no formal musical training.

Two of Don Mon's most famous plenas, "Askarakatiskis" (sometimes referred to as "Karacatis Ki") and "El Gallo Espuelérico" (loosely translated as "The Spurless Rooster") were humorous takes on real life events.

In the first one Don Mon tells the story of Rafael, a gambler who loses all his money rolling dice and is then assaulted by his wife Luz María with a broomstick, while their daughters laugh the incident off (one of the girls' laughter is the basis for the song's name).

"El Gallo Espuelérico" tells the story of Américo, a guy who brags boastfully about a gamecock he carried with him to a fight.

The bird is killed soon after the fight starts (Don Mon claimed once that the winner was his rooster "Espuelérico", although this is disputed), to the amusement of his friends, who tell him the gamecock would be more fierce as part of a chicken rice soup (in reality, they ended up eating the soup).

However, a plena standard to this day was born when seamstresses of a local handkerchief factory went on strike against the factory's owner, Lebanese industrialist William Mamary, and Mamery hired replacement workers (whom the seamstresses considered to be scabs).

Don Mon wrote "Aló, ¿Quién Ñama" (loosely translated as "Hello, Who' Calling?", sometimes referred to as "Qué Será") as a musical description of the strike.

Since the seamstress' strike was organized by local labor leader John Vidal, and patronized by local assemblywoman María Luisa Arcelay, they are mentioned in the song.

The seamstresses are reportedly calling each other as to raise mutual concern about the poor pay they were getting.

Near the end, Don Mon breaks into what his son later called "trabalenguas" (tongue twisters), which in fact is a style of scat singing where some of the syllables of the actual song are slurred nasally and delivered quickly along with the scatting.

The skill was passed from father to son; Efraín became so adept at using "trabalenguas" that he eventually was called "El Rey del Trabalengua" ("The Tongue Twister King") once he became famous.

Efraín's mother died when he was a little boy, and Don Mon remarried a few years after, fathering a total of twelve children.

Since the family's economic situation was precarious, Efraín had to support and look after his younger brothers by taking various odd jobs.

The one that he was most successful at, besides music, was as shortstop for the Indios de Mayagüez, the local winter league baseball team, for which he had been the bat boy at an earlier age.

Mon Rivera is the common name given to two distinct Puerto Rican musicians (both born in Mayagüez), namely Monserrate Rivera Alers (originally nicknamed Rate, later referred to as "Don Mon", or Mon The Elder, and sometimes erroneously credited as Ramón in songwriting credits) and his oldest son, Efraín Rivera Castillo (May 25, 1924 – March 12, 1978), (referred to early in his career as "Moncito", or Little Mon, and later known by his father's moniker).

This article refers mainly to Efraín Rivera Castillo, a popular band leader known in salsa, plena and Latin jazz circles.

Efraín was specifically known for salsa and a Puerto Rican style called plena.

He is credited for a fast humorous style and for introducing the sound of an all-trombone brass section to Afro-Rican orchestra music.

Three of Efraín's brothers were also musicians.

Efraín's son is the percussionist, Javier Rivera.

He played with them between 1943 and 1945.

To this date, he still holds the league record for most triples in a game (three) and most consecutive doubles in a double-header (five).

Efraín was trained as a multi-instrumentalist: he played timbales, congas, bongos, saxophone, trumpet, trombone and bass guitar.

In his beginnings as a musician, Efraín and Germán Vélez (father of Wilkins Vélez) formed El Dúo Huasteco, and sang Mexican folk songs that were popular in Latin America at the time (they even dressed the part).

Santos Colon joined the duo occasionally and made it a trio.

Their talent moved Gilbert Mamery to feature them as part of musical reviews staged at Mayagüez's San José Theater.

Later, Mon became a percussionist and singer with various local bands, working with bandleaders Juan Ramón Delgado, better known as "Moncho Leña" and William Manzano, both of whom he persuaded to allow him to arrange some of his father's plenas for a full orchestra.

A full orchestral version of "Aló, ¿Quién Ñama?"

Both plenas were local hits, and along with Rafael Cortijo's rendition of "El Bombón de Elena", they helped to revive the genre during the late 1950s.

Efraín started writing his own material just as this happened.

By the mid-1950s, Efraín was an accomplished singer in Puerto Rico, but since the island is rather small, he did as many other local performers and emigrated to New York City, as to guarantee a living playing music, given the sizeable Latino population there.

When Moncho Leña's orchestra moved to New York City in November 1953, he moved along with them.

He went to the extreme of arranging a plena version of "Hava Nagilah" for the Italian and Jewish clubgoers who danced to their music at New York's Palladium Ballroom.

He also sang with Joe Cotto and Héctor Pellot.

was a sleeper hit in 1954.

Efraín (by now widely called "Moncito", or "Little Mon", and later called just "Mon") began to popularize his father's plenas.

One of them, "La Plena de Rafael Martinez Nadal" was written in admiration for the Puerto Rican lawyer and legislator, who was extremely successful in local courts.

Another one, "Carbón de Palito", described the route followed by street vendors of wood charcoal (then used as cooking fuel) through most of Mayagüez.

Almost all sections of the city at the time are mentioned in the lyrics.

He was featured in the second television music special by the Banco Popular de Puerto Rico in 1960.