Moktar Ould Daddah

Moktar Ould Daddah (مختار ولد داداه; December 25, 1924 – October 14, 2003) was a Mauritanian politician who led the country after it gained its independence from France.

Upon his return to Mauritania in the late 1950s, Daddah joined the centre-left Mauritanian Progressive Union, and was elected President of its Executive Council.

He was later admitted to the bar at Dakar, Senegal in 1955.

Daddah served as the country's first Prime Minister from 1957 to 1961 and as its first President of Mauritania, a position he held from 1960 until he was deposed in a military coup d'etat in 1978.

He established a one-party state, with his Mauritanian People's Party being the sole legal political entity in the country, and followed a policy of "Islamic socialism" with many nationalizations of private businesses.

In his memoirs, Daddah expressed concern that the issue of slavery in Mauritania could lead to armed conflict that would ultimately destroy the country.

In foreign affairs, he joined the Non-Aligned Movement and maintained strong links with Mao Zedong and the People's Republic of China, but he also accepted Western (especially French) foreign aid.

During his presidency, Mauritania saw conflict with the Polisario Front in Western Sahara after working to broker a deal to divide the territory with Morocco.

Ould Daddah was born to an important marabout family of the Ouled Birri tribe in Boutilimit, Mauritania, French West Africa.

After attending elite Islamic academies, he worked for the French colonial administrators as a translator.

As a law student in Paris, he graduated as the first Mauritanian to hold a University Degree.

Ould Daddah had claimed the territory as part of Greater Mauritania since 1957, three years before independence, but the idea had only limited support in the general population.

The Mauritanian Moors are closely related to the Sahrawis, and virtually all northern tribes had members on both sides of the (former) frontier, many of whom sympathized with the Polisario's demands for independence.

In addition to the government's support for guerrillas in northern Mauritania, several thousand Mauritanians left the country to join the Polisario in its Tindouf camps.

Further dissatisfaction arose in the South, from where Black troops were sent to fight what they regarded as an essentially inter-Arab conflict, and one which could, if successful, entrench Ould Daddah's discriminatory rule even further by the addition of several thousand new Moorish citizens.

But Ould Daddah additionally sought the territory in order to prevent it from falling into Moroccan hands, still wary of the officially defunct Moroccan territorial demands on Mauritania.

Following the Madrid Accords with Spain, Mauritania annexed a southern portion of the territory, renaming it Tiris al-Gharbiya.

However, the small and poorly trained Mauritanian Army failed to stop the guerilla incursions, despite backing from the French Air Force.

Polisario then turned to attacking the iron mines in Zouerate, at which point the country's economy started backsliding, and Daddah's public support tumbled.

In 1959, however, he established a new political party, the Mauritanian Regroupment Party.

In the last pre-independence legislative elections held later that year, his party won every seat in the National Assembly, and he was appointed Prime Minister.

He was known for his ability to establish a consensus among different political parties, as well as between the White Moors, Black Moors and Black Africans, Mauritania's three main ethnic groups.

The balanced representation of different ethnic and political groups in his government won the confidence of the French authorities, who granted independence to Mauritania under his leadership in 1960.

Daddah was named Acting President of the new Islamic Republic, and was confirmed in office in the first post-independence election in August 1961.

As President, Daddah pursued policies that differed markedly from those he had professed prior to independence.

In September 1961, he formed a "Government of National Unity" with the main opposition party, and in December, he arranged for the four largest parties to merge as the Mauritanian People's Party (PPM), which became the sole legal party.

He formalized the one-party state in 1964 with a new Constitution, which set up an authoritarian presidential regime.

Daddah justified this decision on the grounds that he considered Mauritania unready for western-style multi-party democracy.

Under this one-party constitution, Daddah was reelected in uncontested elections in 1966, 1971 and 1976.

Moreover, drought in the Sahel, principally in the period between 1969 and 1974, and a decline in export revenues due to fall in international prices of iron, had lowered living standards considerably.

In 1971, Daddah served as President of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

At home, however, his policies were criticized.

The economy remained strongly dependent on Chinese and French foreign aid.

On the 18th of July 1974, President Moktar Ould Daddah, who was on a state visit to Nigeria, paid a visit to Sultan Abubakar, a fellow Islamic scholar, and friend in the company of General Yakubu Gowon.

In 1975, he presented a charter which called for Mauritania to become an "Islamic, nationalist, centralist, and socialist democracy."

This charter was initially popular, and the opposition, in general, welcomed it.

What brought an end to Ould Daddah's regime was Mauritania's war in Western Sahara against the Polisario Front, an indigenous movement fighting against the Moroccan-Mauritanian attempt to jointly annex the territory, starting in 1975.

In 1976, the capital Nouakchott was attacked by the Polisario Front, and Daddah was forced to appoint a military officer to head the Ministry of defense.

On 10 July 1978, Lt. Col. Mustafa Ould Salek overthrew Daddah in a military coup, and installed a junta to rule the country in his place.

His successors would surrender Mauritania's claims to Western Sahara and completely withdraw from the war the following year (August 1979).