Mohamed Hassanein Heikal

Mohamed Hassanein Heikal (محمد حسنين هيكل‎; 23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist.

In the article he also recounted a lot of the events that occurred during his life and formed his experience including his first mission as a reporter in the Second Battle of El Alamein in 1942, his friendship with Nasser and his relationship with Sadat.

In addition he opened his financial records stating the salaries he had received in all his jobs and posts.

During the Second World War, the graduate Heikal commenced a career in journalism at the British controlled and funded Egyptian Gazette, which he edited from 1943.

The newspaper's contributors included English writers George Orwell and Lawrence Durrell.

Throughout his career he was a literary critic of Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak's military regimes, which he perceived as having departed from Nasser's original nationalist dream.

But this attitude was most dramatic during wartime.

He covered the First Arab-Israeli War on the establishment of the State of Israel.

He was also present in Cairo when the Free Officers staged a military coup d'etat in 1952.

During this period he immediately befriended with Gamal Abdel Nasser, a member of the group.

Yet his journalism with Al-Ahram as its editor put the regimes under the microscope, gaining a reputation for investigative reporting, and sound authoritative statements.

The Washington Post dubbed him "the voice of Egypt...window on a secretive regime".

Heikal frequently travelled cross-desert borders between countries in the Middle East eagerly reporting on the conflicts.

Heikal was an unashamed Pro-Arabist during the post-war era when Nasser dreamed of a Pan-Arab republic across the whole region.

For 17 years (1957–1974), he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper Al-Ahram and was a commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years.

Heikal articulated the thoughts of President Gamal Abdel Nasser earlier in his career.

He worked as a ghostwriter for the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and represented the ideology of pan-Arabism.

Heikal was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union.

Between 1957 and 1974 he was the author of a well-regarded Friday column Bi-SaRaha which spoke frankly about Nasser's policies at home and abroad, whilst also being critical.

He became a member of the Arab Socialist Union Party, briefly acting as foreign minister under Nasser.

But his mood changed with the Colonel's successors, whose lurch to the right shook Cairo's post-colonial establishment.

He was appointed minister of information in April 1970 but resigned from government in 1974 over differences with Anwar Sadat.

In April 1970 Heikal was appointed minister of information, replacing Mohamed Fayek in the post.

After decades of tension and conflict, Sadat's decision in the 1970s was momentous: recognition of the Israeli right to occupy Jerusalem, and to the border with Sinai terminating with Port Eilat.

The Egyptians and the Israelis agreed to these terms yearning for peace at almost any price.

Sadat, a moderate himself, prepared to meet the implacable Cold War enemy for a negotiated settlement.

Heikal was among the old Nasserite Cairo elites that opposed any suggestion of a diplomatic rapprochement with the hated enemy.

In 1974 he was removed from post by Sadat's office and jailed for treasonous activity.

Sadat's assassination was a setback for Arab-Israeli relations, and ushered a period of retrenched reaction to threats posed by military situations to the stability of Egypt, events explored in Heikal's book Autumn of Fury (1982).

President Mubarak was more conscious of security, policing and law and order, imposing crackdowns on protests.

Abroad Egypt, he continued Sadat's realignment with the West, and particularly American global capitalism that funded the permanence of the Israeli State, Mubarak's new political realism prompted Heikal's move to a fundamentalist opposition to what he interpreted as a return to colonial status quo ante.

In September 2003, upon reaching the age of 80, Heikal wrote an article in the monthly magazine Weghat Nazar (where he had been writing for some time) that the time had come for an "old warrior" to put down his pen and take to the sidelines.

Heikal stressed that his decision to stop writing did not mean he would disappear, but rather take to the sidelines to observe more thoroughly.

In a 2007 audience with British journalist Robert Fisk, Heikal spoke about the situation in Egypt and criticized Egyptian president Mubarak, saying that Mubarak lives in a "world of fantasy" in Sharm al Sheikh.

These comments stirred an uproar within Egyptian society, both for and against Heikal.

Heikal did not comment on this criticism except later on Al Jazeera, where he said that he stands by what he has said earlier, adding that Mubarak had not entered political life until very late, which means he lacks necessary experience.

Born in Cairo, Egypt, he counted Abdel Nasser among his grandparents.

His family were wealthy wheat merchants in the Nile delta.

Mohamed the eldest son in his family, which included three other sisters, was trained to manage the business.

However he sought a valuable degree course education at the respected American University in Cairo.