Michael Kidner

Michael James Kidner (11 September 1917 – 2009) was a British op artist.

He was educated at Bedales School, and from 1939 read History and Anthropology at Cambridge before studying Landscape Architecture at Ohio State University.

He was staying with his older sister and her American husband in the US when war broke out in Europe.

Unable to return home, he joined the Canadian army for five years.

He was subsequently posted to England and after D-Day saw active service in France in the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals.

After demobilisation in 1946, he enrolled at Goldsmiths University to study for a National Diploma in Art and Design but withdrew after three months.

From 1947–50, Kidner taught at Pitlochry Prep School in Perthshire and it was here that he started to paint as a hobby.

In 1949 he met and married his wife Marion Frederick, an American actress.

From 1951 to 1952 he worked as a theatre designer in Bromley and Barnstaple whilst continuing to paint.

During a painting holiday in the south of France, Kidner met André Lhote who introduced him to Cubism and encouraged him to move to Paris and become a full-time painter.

He travelled to Paris in 1953 where he sporadically attended Lhote's atelier.

After two years he returned to North Devon where his brother was working as a GP.

He moved to St Ives for several months where he became acquainted with Trevor Bell, Roger Hilton, Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, and Peter Lanyon.

On moving to London in 1957, Kidner was introduced to the New American Painting exhibition at the Tate Gallery where he saw the Abstract Expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.

Kidner later became influenced by Mark Rothko's colour field paintings.

These inspired his After Image paintings, sculptures and reliefs, executed between 1957 and 1962.

Kidner attended a 1959 course run by Victor Pasmore and Harry Thubron which alerted him to the Bauhaus derived ideas of colour and led him towards a more objective use of colour.

Kidner's first solo exhibition was held at St Hilda's College, Oxford in 1959 where he showed his After Image paintings.

Active from mid-1960s, Kidner was an early exponent of the genre.

Through his interest in mathematics, he was part of the Constructivism movement and chaos and wave theories influence his work.

Kidner was born in Kettering, the son of an industrialist and was one of six children.

By 1963, Kidner felt two colours was limiting, and an article on the Moiré effect in Scientific American showed him how he could introduce a third colour.

The effect was first discovered in Japanese silks, when the material was folded, optical patterns and colours floated above the actual patterns and colour of the material.

This method produced a dramatic effect when Kidner crossed two colour bands with a third at a slight angle, resulting in a completely new pattern, with a wave-like vertical image coming into view.

The appearance of the wave captivated Kidner and wave theory became his obsession as he realised that a wave pattern produces many more possibilities than straight lines because waves can be put in or out of phase.

As well as optical effects, he was interested in distinguishing form from colour.

He applied three colours to four forms in rotation so that no form could be identified by a particular colour.

In 1965 his work was featured in the op art exhibition The Responsive Eye at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, along with that of Bridget Riley.

Kidner said that "optics presents a challenge that was once offered by perspective".

This can be seen in his print Sussex (1967).

In 1969, Kidner co–founded the Systems Group with Jeffrey Steele and others.

Around this time, the notion of colour as form urged Kidner on to do a columnar sculpture of a wave.

At this stage he became interested in number theory as the key to "the nature of order" and "the structure of reality", and was influenced by the work of Lohse.

Kidner meticulously translated the column into a two-dimensional form as a painting by using a systematic method of measurements and colour-coding as seen in 1979's Column in Front of Its Own Image II.

He was referring to the examination of visual perception in the science of linear perspective developed by Leon Battista Alberti and other Renaissance artists in the 15th century.

Kidner was also interested in the work of Seurat and the Neo Impressionists who had investigated the connection between the retina and the brain regarding colour perception, as seen in their Pointillist paintings.

Rothko's colour field abstractions led Kidner to see colour as "pure sensation".

Later, Kidner's After Image works became hard-edged with flat uniform patterns, when he realised that optical activity producing shimmer is decreased by brushy paintwork and varied shapes.

After Image became too limited for Kidner.

He found that he wanted to approach colour in a more rational way, and began a series of striped paintings using two alternating colours.