Martin Wight

Robert James Martin Wight (26 November 1913 – 15 July 1972) was one of the foremost British scholars of international relations in the twentieth century.

Martin Wight was born on 26 November 1913 in Brighton, Sussex.

He attended Bradfield College and in 1931 went to Hertford College, Oxford, to read modern history.

He took a first-class honours degree and stayed at Oxford for a short period afterwards engaged in postgraduate research.

While at Oxford he became a pacifist, and in 1936 he published a passionate and erudite defence of "Christian Pacifism" in the journal Theology.

At about this time he also became involved with the work of Dick Sheppard and his Peace Pledge Union.

In 1937 Wight joined the staff of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House).

There he worked alongside the Institute's Director of Studies, the historian Arnold J. Toynbee.

They had a close intellectual relationship over the decades.

In 1938, Wight left Chatham House and took a job as a History Master at Haileybury.

Two years later, however, his position at the school became untenable: having been called up for military service, Wight chose to register as a conscientious objector, and one condition of the tribunal's acceptance of his application was that he ceased to teach.

At the behest of Margery Perham, he returned to Oxford to work, for the remainder of the Second World War, on an extended research project on colonial constitutions.

He was the author of Power Politics (1946; revised and expanded edition 1978), as well as the seminal essay "Why Is There No International Theory?"

Wight published three books on this topic: The Development of the Legislative Council (1946), The Gold Coast Legislative Council (1947) and British Colonial Constitutions (1952).

In 1946, Wight was recruited by David Astor, then editor of The Observer to act as the newspaper's diplomatic correspondent at the inaugural sessions of the United Nations at Lake Success.

Witnessing at first-hand the early diplomatic wrangles at the UN reinforced his scepticism about the possibility of lasting co-operation between sovereign states – a view reflected in the first edition of his Power Politics (1946, revised edition published posthumously in 1978).

In 1947, Wight went back again at Chatham House, collaborating with Toynbee on the production of the Surveys of International Affairs covering the war-years and contributing to his A Study of History.

After two years, he was taken on as a Reader in the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics.

There Wight lectured on international organisations and later on international theory, the latter lectures becoming influential in what has become known as the 'English school of international relations'.

His teaching at the LSE in the 1950s is often seen to have been a strong influence on the direction of international studies in Britain; his posthumously published essays have clearly served as a major stimulus to the revival of the 'English school' in the 1990s.

Michael Nicholson says that in the 'English School' of scholars of international relations, Wight is held in especially high esteem.

A trust fund was set up and the many contributions generously given enabled the annual Martin Wight Prize and the series of Martin Wight Memorial Lectures to be launched.

The subject of the annual lecture was to relate so far as possible to humanist scholarship and to reflect the breadth of Martin Wight's interest in history and international relations.

Ironically, these lectures were first delivered in the United States, at the University of Chicago, where Wight spent a term in 1957.

In 1959, Wight was invited by the Cambridge historian Herbert Butterfield to join the British committee on the theory of international politics, a group initially funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.

(first published in the journal International Relations in 1960 and republished in the edited collection Diplomatic Investigations in 1966).

He was a teacher of some renown at both the London School of Economics and the University of Sussex, where he served as the founding Dean of European Studies.

Wight is often associated with the British committee on the theory of international politics – "British" to distinguish it from an American body that had been founded under similar auspices – and the so-called English school of international relations theory.

His contributions to the Committee of the late 1960s and early 1970s were gathered together after his death by Hedley Bull, and published as Systems of States (1977).

In 1960, Wight left the LSE to become the founding Dean of European Studies and Professor of History at the new University of Sussex.

There he devoted much of his time to the development of that university's distinctive curriculum, the course in European studies reflecting his conviction that students should learn not just European history, but also the classics, literature and languages.

He presented to that committee his most definitive statements on international theory, notably 'Western Values in International Relations' and an essay on 'The Balance of Power', both subsequently published in Diplomatic Investigations (1966).

Wight died, at the age of 58, on 15 July 1972.

Only after his death did some of the writings for which he is best known see the light of day.

Sir Herbert Butterfield gave the first lecture at Sussex University on 23 April 1975, and lectures have been given annually since then.

Some lectures are available on the homepage of the Martin Wight Memorial Lecture Series.

Wight wrote many reviews, mainly for The Observer and International Affairs, but his main works are as follows:

His work, along with that of the Australian philosopher John Anderson, was a lasting influence upon the thought of Hedley Bull, author of one of the most widely read texts on the nature of international politics, The Anarchical Society (1977).

Since the early 1980s – especially after Roy Jones' article "The English School – a Case for Closure" and Michael Nicholson's "The Enigma of Martin Wight" (both in the journal Review of International Studies, 1981) – Wight has come to be seen as a central figure in the so-called "English school of international relations theory".

Reconstituted and published in 1990, International Theory: The Three Traditions seeks to make sense of the history of thought about international politics by dividing it into the categories of realism, rationalism and revolutionism, sometimes known as the Machiavellian, Grotian and Kantian traditions.