Malangatana Ngwenya

Malangatana Valente Ngwenya (6 June 1936 – 5 January 2011) was a Mozambican painter and poet.

He frequently exhibited work under his first name alone, as Malangatana.

At the age of 12, he went to the city of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) to find work, becoming ball boy for a tennis club in 1953.

This allowed him to resume his education, and he took night classes, through which he developed an interest in art.

He was encouraged by Augusto Cabral, a member of the tennis club, who gave him materials and helped him to sell his art, and also by Pancho Guedes, another member of the tennis club.

In 1958, Ngwenya attended some functions of Nucleo de Arte, a local artists' organization, and received support from the painter Ze Julio.

The next year Ngwenya exhibited publicly for the first time, as part of a group show; two years later came his first solo exhibition, at the age of 25.

After his initial Mozambique debut, Malangatana began to receive international attention.

Malangatana revived African indigenous aesthetics, performing an anti-colonial identity, dialectically opposed to the imposed colonial structures present in 1960’s Mozambique.

He undertook this as part of a broader trend in post-colonial African art wherein, “artists gravitated towards (self-identified) indigenous sources,” to articulate a previously repressed African identity, while also reclaiming African aesthetics co-opted by European surrealists in the early 20th century -artists with whom Malangatana engaged in artistic dialogue with.

Exhibiting this is his employment of surrealist imagery, using bright and contrasting colors to depict supernatural scenes populated by coexisting monsters and people.

Malangatana had a contentious relationship with Christianity which expresses itself in his artwork.

While he simultaneously viewed it as an imposed religion, part of the colonial structure that sought to subjugate African people and cultures, the Protestant missionaries in Mozambique were not connected to the colonial government, and were often partners in the struggle for liberation.

This conflict is reflected in his inclusion of Christian iconography in his work as well, such as in Last Judgement. A black background has been overlaid with a series of figures, some realistically human looking, the rest on a spectrum of metamorphosis, with some having transformed so far that the original human referent cannot be recognized.

Free floating dark demonic faces emerge from the background -making it appear as if the underlying blackness is their body- to suck the blood of the other figures.

Helped by his association and promotion from Pancho Guedes, with whom he would co-exhibit during his first international exhibition in Nigeria in 1961.

This kicked off a period of prolific international exhibitions for Malangatana, and he would go on to exhibit in South Africa, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Angola, France, England, Pakistan, India and, possibly, the USA over the next three years.

Malangatana was also a writer, and In 1963 some of his poetry was published in the literary magazine Black Orpheus, and his work was included in the anthology Modern Poetry from Africa, edited by Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier.

In 1964, Ngwenya, who had joined the nationalistic FRELIMO guerrilla, was detained by the PIDE, the Portuguese secret police of the Estado Novo regime, and spent 18 months in jail.

He was given a grant from the Lisbon-based Gulbenkian Foundation in 1971, and studied engraving and ceramics in Portugal, Europe.

Back to Mozambique, Africa, his art was exhibited several times in both Lourenço Marques and Lisbon until Independence.

After the independence of Mozambique, due to the events of the Carnation Revolution of April 1974, Ngwenya openly rejoined FRELIMO, now the single-party communist organization that was ruling the new country, and worked in political mobilization events and alphabetization campaigns.

In 1979 he participated in the exhibition Moderne Kunst aus Afrika, which was organised in West Berlin as part of the program of the first Horizonte - Festival der Weltkulturen.

After 1981 he worked full-time as an artist.

His work was shown throughout Africa, and is in the collection of the National Museum of African Art in Washington, DC.

In addition, he executed numerous murals, including for FRELIMO and UNESCO.

A large mural by him decorated the stairwell of the original building housing the Africa Centre, London, in King Street, Covent Garden.

The mural was installed in the new premises of the Africa Centre, opened in Southwark in June 2022.

Ngwenya also helped to start a number of cultural institutions in Mozambique, and was a founder of the Mozambican Peace Movement.

He was awarded the Nachingwea Medal for his Contribution to Mozambican Culture, and was made a Grande Oficial da Ordem do Infante D. Henrique.

In 1997 he was named a UNESCO Artist for Peace and received a Prince Claus Award.

Later in his career, Malangatana would also embrace screen printing, such as with his 2001 work, Untitled.

He was awarded a degree honoris causa by the University of Évora in 2010.

He died on 5 January 2011 in Matosinhos, Portugal.

Born in Matalana, a village in the south of Portuguese Mozambique, Ngwenya spent his early life attending mission schools and helping his mother on the farm, while his father worked in the Transvaal region as a miner.

After his mother suffered a mental health crisis, Malangatana lived by himself, supported by relatives for a period.

He died at the age of 74 on 5 January 2011, in Matosinhos, northern Portugal, after a long illness.

Malangatana was a painter, poet and sculptor.

For painting, he primarily used oil based paints because of their long drying time.

This affordance of the material allowed him to paint figures with soft outlines, as the paint would run slightly after application, blurring the borders, contributing to the surrealist nature of his work.