Lewis Binford

Lewis Roberts Binford (November 21, 1931 – April 11, 2011) was an American archaeologist known for his influential work in archaeological theory, ethnoarchaeology and the Paleolithic period.

Binford was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on November 21, 1931.

As a child he was interested in animals, and after finishing high school at Matthew Fontaine Maury High School

studied wildlife biology at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

Previously a mediocre student, Binford excelled in college and considered pursuing an academic career in biology until he was put off the idea when a professor suggested that there were "still a few species of blind cave salamanders" that he could be the first to study.

It was during his time in the military that Binford first became interested in anthropology and archaeology.

After graduating he was drafted as an interpreter and assigned to a group of anthropologists tasked with resettling people on the Pacific islands occupied by the United States during World War II.

He also became involved with the recovery of archaeological material from tombs on Okinawa that were to be removed to make way for a military base.

Though he had no training in archaeology, Binford found himself excavating and identifying these artifacts, which were then used to restock the destroyed museum in Shuri.

After leaving the military Binford went to study anthropology at the University of North Carolina (UNC).

The military subsidy he received was not enough to fund his study completely, so Binford used the skills in construction he learned from his father (a carpenter) to start a modest contracting business.

Recent appraisals have judged that his approach owed more to prior work in the 1940s and 50s than suggested by Binford's strong criticism of his predecessors.

He gained a second BA at UNC and then in 1957 transferred to the University of Michigan to complete a combined MA and PhD.

His thesis was the interaction between Native Americans and the first English colonists in Virginia, a subject he became interested in while still at UNC.

Binford first became dissatisfied with the present state of archaeology while an undergraduate at UNC.

He felt that culture history reflected the same 'stamp collecting' mentality that had turned him away from biology.

At Michigan, he saw a sharp contrast between the "excitement" of the anthropology department's cultural anthropologists (which included Leslie White) and the "people in white coats counting their potsherds" in the Museum of Anthropology.

His first academic position was as an assistant professor at the University of Chicago, where he taught New World archaeology and statistical methods in archaeology.

He is widely considered among the most influential archaeologists of the later 20th century, and is credited with fundamentally changing the field with the introduction of processual archaeology (or the "New Archaeology") in the 1960s.

Binford withdrew from the theoretical debates that followed the rapid adoption of New Archaeology (by then also called processual archaeology) in the 1960s and 70s, instead focusing on his work on the Mousterian, a Middle Palaeolithic lithic industry found in Europe, North Africa and the Near East.

Shortly after his appointment he wrote his first major article, Archaeology as Anthropology (1962), which was stimulated by problems in archaeological methodology that had become apparent with the use of radiocarbon dating to verify the dates and cultural typologies generated with relative dating techniques such as seriation.

Binford criticised what he saw as a tendency to treat artifacts as undifferentiated traits, and to explain variations in these traits only in terms of cultural diffusion.

He proposed that the goal of archaeology was exactly the same as that of anthropology more generally, viz.

to "explicate and explain the total range of physical and cultural similarities and differences characteristic of the entire spatio-temporal span of man's existence."

This would be achieved by relating artifacts to human behavior, and behavior to cultural systems (as understood by his mentor, cultural anthropologist Leslie White).

Several other archaeologists at Chicago shared Binford's ideas, a group their critics began calling the "New Archaeologists".

In 1966 they presented a set of papers at a meeting of the Society for American Archaeology which were later collected in the landmark New Perspectives in Archaeology (1968), edited by Binford and his then wife Sally, also an archaeologist.

By the time this volume was published he had left Chicago – dismissed, according to Binford, because of increasing tension between himself and the senior archaeologists in the faculty, particularly Robert Braidwood.

He moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara for a year and then on to UCLA.

He did not like the atmosphere at UCLA's large faculty, and so took the opportunity to relocate to the University of New Mexico in 1969.

In 1969 he decided to undertake ethnographic fieldwork among the Nunamiut in Alaska, in order to better understand the periglacial environment that Mousterian hominins occupied, and to see first hand how hunter-gatherer behavior is reflected in material remains.

This methodology—conducting ethnographic fieldwork to establish firm correlations between behavior and material culture—is known as ethnoarchaeology and is credited to Binford.

Most of Binford's later work was focused on the Palaeolithic and hunter-gatherers in the archaeological record.

Binford's influence was controversial, however, and most theoretical work in archaeology in the late 1980s and 1990s was explicitly construed as either a reaction to or in support of the processual paradigm.

Binford joined the Southern Methodist University faculty in 1991, after teaching for 23 years as a distinguished professor at the University of New Mexico.

Binford's last published book, Constructing Frames of Reference (2001), was edited by his then wife, Nancy Medaris Stone.

His wife at the time of his death, Amber Johnson, has said that she and a colleague will finish editing a book Binford had in progress at the time of his death.

He died on April 11, 2011, in Kirksville, Missouri, at the age of 79.

Binford was married six times.

His first marriage was to Jean Riley Mock, with whom he had his only daughter, Martha.