Kourosh Zaim

In 1891, Mahmud organized a rebellion with Iran's other two major tobacco growers, in which they burned their entire crop of tobacco in defiance of the shah's tobacco trade concession to Great Britain.

This forced Iran's top cleric, Mirzaye Shirazi, to sign a fatwa against the agreement, which helped foment a people's movement against the trade agreement that came to be called the Tobacco Protest.

The Shah was forced to cancel the trade agreement the following year.

The Tobacco Protest was the first nationwide rebellion in Iran's modern history.

Many scholars believe it to be the moment Iranians realized they could oust foreign exploiters through solidarity which later led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution a few years later.

Kourosh's great uncle, Seyed Hassan i Zaim, a political activist during the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–07), member of Iran's 4th, 5th, and 6th post-revolutionary Parliaments (1921–25) and Speaker for the Minority Faction, undertook to impeach Reza Shah for totalitarian rule.

He was threatened with execution and fled to Europe, where he spent the next 17 years in exile.

Kourosh Zaim (born May 17, 1939) is an Iranian author, inventor, engineer, translator, and nonviolent political activist.

He was born in Kashan, Iran, on May 17, 1939.

A vocal advocate of secular democracy and human rights since youth, Kourosh rose to prominence as a political analyst and Secretary to the Leadership Committee of Iran's National Front party, or Jebhe Melli, Iran's largest pro-democracy political organization.

Kourosh was born in Kashan, Iran, on May 17, 1939, to mother Khanoum Khanima Assadi and father Javad Zaim (deceased), a businessman and political activist.

Kourosh is the oldest of four siblings: Soudabeh, Siamak and Bahram.

Kourosh's mother is from the Naraghi family, a line of influential Shi'ite clerics.

Kourosh's great-grandfather Mahmud Zaim was Kashan's largest tobacco cultivator.

In 1946, in partnership with Mohammad Mosaddegh, Hassan returned to Iran to create a new minority faction in the parliament.

He was elected from his home city of Kashan, but the night after the election results had been announced, an envoy from the Shah came to him posing as a congratulator and offered coffee to him.

He was declared dead and buried the next day after the examining coroner reported that his eyes and fingers were still moving and that he should be taken to a hospital.

He taught mathematics at Chicago Technical College (1968–1970) and advised Business Administration PhD students at Tehran University (2005–2008).

Kourosh has also argued many times for the preservation of ancient Iranian heritage sites, as well as other UNESCO world heritage sites.

Prior to his most recent imprisonment, he was advancing his Theory of Fundamental Digital Particles to European researchers of the Higgs boson particle.

Kourosh's unsubmitted doctoral thesis in business administration was translated into Persian and published as a book inside Iran, then submitted to Iran's parliament as a legislative proposal.

Kourosh was married twice: to an American in 1975, bearing two sons; and to an Iranian in 1985, also bearing two sons.

The eldest of these four brothers, Turaj, escaped to the United States during the Iran–Iraq War, and is an American artist and activist.

Membership in Jebhe Melli has been illegal since 1981.

Siamak, the older of Kourosh's two younger brothers, was a famous leftist and communist thinker who escaped Iran during the Islamic Revolution and fled to Berkeley, California, U.S., where he founded the Communist Party of Iran of the U.S. In early 1982, he snuck back into Iran and became a leader of the 1982 Amol uprising.

The revolt was considered an existential threat by the new revolutionary government, and the town was surrounded and all the rebels captured or killed.

For being unarmed himself and for actions displaying a desire to protect innocent life and to end the firefight, the Revolutionary Government granted him a prison sentence rather than immediate execution.

He was held incommunicado for two years in Evin Prison and then executed by firing squad anyway in 1984.

Kourosh's youngest brother, Bahram Zaim, was falsely arrested for being at a movie theater that was taken over by mujahideen fighters.

Iran's Revolutionary Guard assumed Bahram was a mujahideen fighter, and imprisoned him for four and a half years.

In 2009, Turaj focused his activism around his father, whose plight is emblematic of many of Iran's imprisoned and persecuted human rights activists.

Kourosh has authored many books, translated numerous texts from English into Persian, and published many articles and interviews on both scientific and political topics; including the works of Stephen Hawking and Karl Popper.

Zaim was detained in February 2011, only hours after an interview with Radio Farda of RFE/RL was broadcast.

He was last arrested on July 16, 2016, for charges of "undermining the Islamic Republic" and "promoting anti-regime activity", and is currently serving a four-year prison term in Evin Prison, the sixth time he has been imprisoned for his views since Iran's Islamic Revolution.

As of 2017, Kourosh is incarcerated in Iran as a political prisoner.

He was briefly released in 2017 for medical treatment and he also is one of the oldest political detainees in Iran.

Much of his time as a political prisoner has been spent in solitary confinement.

He has been represented in the past by human rights attorneys Nasrin Sotoudeh and Nobel Laureate Shirin Ebadi.

He is currently being represented by Giti Pourfazel, a well-known human rights lawyer currently planning her immanent retirement due to "years of state harassment and threats."