Joseph Smagorinsky

Nathan and Dina bore three sons in Gomel: Jacob (who died as an infant), Samuel (born 1903), and David (born 1907).

In 1913, Nathan emigrated from the coast of Finland, passing through Ellis Island and settling on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.

Nathan at first was a house painter.

Then, with the help of a relative, he opened a paint store.

In 1916, with the business established, Dina, Sam, and David emigrated by going to Murmansk and then southward along the Norwegian coast to Christiana (now Oslo) and boarding a boat to New York where they joined Nathan.

They had two other children: Hillel (Harry) (born 1919) and Joseph (born 1924).

Like his three brothers, Joseph worked in their father's paint store, which over the years evolved into a hardware and paint store.

Sam and Harry stayed in the painting and hardware business, with Harry eventually taking ownership of the original store.

As a teenager, David began painting signs for shop owners and subsequently opened a sign painting business.

Joseph attended Stuyvesant High School for Math and Science in Manhattan.

When he expressed an interest in going to college, the family had a meeting in which they discussed the possibility.

Sam and David prevailed in their view that Joseph had great promise and deserved the opportunity to go to college.

Joseph Smagorinsky (29 January 1924 – 21 September 2005) was an American meteorologist and the first director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL).

Joseph Smagorinsky was born to Nathan Smagorinsky and Dina Azaroff.

His parents were from Gomel, Belarus, which they fled during the life-threatening pogroms of the early 20th century.

Before the advent of computers in the late 1940s, weather forecasting was very crude.

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) and its leaders, most of whom taught in universities, still aspired to turn meteorology into a professional discipline given the same respect accorded engineering and the other physical sciences.

An exceptional mathematician, von Neumann was among the first to see the potential afforded by computers for much faster processing of data and thus more responsive weather forecasting.

He was not satisfied with mathematics as an abstract practice.

Weather forecasting provided him with a very concrete application of mathematical principles that could exploit the new computer technology.

At the Institute for Advanced Study, he used his mathematical knowledge and Smagorinsky worked with Charney to develop a new approach called numerical weather prediction.

This approach relied on data collected from weather balloons.

The data were then fed into computers and subjected to the laws of physics, enabling forecasts of how turbulence, water, heat, and other factors interacted to produce weather patterns.

Smagorinsky earned his B.S. (1947), M.S. (1948), and Ph.D. (1953) at New York University (NYU).

In the middle of his sophomore year at NYU, he entered the Air Force and joined an elite group of cadet recruits, chosen for their talents in mathematics and physics.

Those talents led Smagorinsky to be selected for the air force meteorology program.

He and other recruits were then sent to Brown University to study mathematics and physics for six months.

He was then sent to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to learn dynamical meteorology.

His instructor was Ed Lorenz, who later pioneered the mathematical theory of deterministic chaos.

During the war Smagorinsky flew in the nose of bombers as a weather observer, making weather forecasts based on visible factors such as the estimated size of waves, and the observed air temperature and wind velocity at the plane's altitude.

Following the war, Smagorinsky concluded his studies.

He originally aspired to be a naval architect, but was not admitted to the Webb Institute.

He then turned to meteorology as a career and educational focus.

As a doctoral student, while serving the remainder of his army commitment, he attended a lecture on weather forecasting conducted by Jule Charney, and asked a series of pointed questions during the question-and-answer session following the talk.

Charney, a prominent atmospheric scientist, invited Smagorinsky to the Princeton, New Jersey, Institute for Advanced Study to examine the possible predictability of large-scale motions in the middle troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere) using the new electronic computer being designed by John von Neumann.

In April 1950, Smagorinsky participated in a major milestone of modern meteorology; together with Ragnar Fjørtoft, John Freeman, and George Platzman, he worked with Charney to solve Charney's simplest equations on the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).

His wife Margaret Smagorinsky (née Knoepfel) was also a member of the team that programmed the ENIAC computer, and was the first woman statistician hired by the Weather Bureau.

Von Neumann's new Princeton computer had been delayed so arrangements were made with the Army to use its computer at Aberdeen, Maryland.

The results were realistic enough to demonstrate that weather prediction by numerical process was a promising prospect.

After the ENIAC work, Smagorinsky moved to the Institute for Advanced Study to work with Charney and von Neumann on the development of a radical new approach to weather forecasting that employed the new technology of the computer.