Joel Klein

Joel Irwin Klein (born October 25, 1946) is an American lawyer and school superintendent.

He was the Chancellor of the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States, serving more than 1.1 million students in more than 1,600 schools.

Klein grew up in New York City and attended public schools, graduating from William Cullen Bryant High School in Queens in 1963.

He attended Columbia University, graduating magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa.

He received his J.D. degree from Harvard Law School, again graduating magna cum laude, in 1971.

He then clerked for Chief Judge David L. Bazelon on the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1973 until 1974, before then clerking for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell.

In 1975, Klein joined the legal team of the Washington, DC, non-profit Mental Health Law Project.

The MHLP was an independent non-profit organization that brought class-action suits to establish rights for mentally and developmentally disabled clients.

In that capacity, Klein specialized in constitutional and health-care.

After working there for a year, he went into private practice, working for five years before founding a law firm with several partners.

In the 1990s, Klein served in the White House Counsel's office under President Bill Clinton, before being appointed to the United States Department of Justice.

There, he was appointed United States Assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust Division, and in this capacity he was the lead prosecutor in the antitrust case United States v. Microsoft.

In 1998, before Klein became Chancellor, the New York City Board of Education transferred responsibility for school safety to the New York City Police Department.

Klein has been criticized for not seeking to alter this arrangement or to curb the conduct of the Police Department's school safety agents in the face of allegations of abuse.

Klein has praised the work of the school-safety agents in contributing to a decrease in crime in the public schools.

Despite their opposing positions in the Justice Department antitrust case against Microsoft, Klein was able to work with the Gates Foundation to fund the creation of smaller schools in New York City.

At the 43 small high schools funded by the Gates Foundation graduation rates are 73% compared to 53% at the schools they replaced.

The researchers only examined schools selectively; for example, 33 small schools were omitted from the analysis.

Prior to his appointment to chancellor in 2002 by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Klein was counsel to Bertelsmann, an international media group.

Klein was rumored to be one of Barack Obama's candidates for Secretary of Education.

Ultimately, the position went to the chief executive officer of Chicago Public Schools, Arne Duncan, then to New York State Education Commissioner John King Jr..

In 2004, a controversy beset Klein's administration, as two members of his staff—deputy chancellor Diana Lam and lawyer Chad Vignola—both resigned amid accusations of nepotism; she was accused of helping her husband gain employment in the system without following conflicts of interest procedures, and Vignola was accused of trying to cover it up.

A report by Schools Investigator Richard Condon found Lam helped her husband get two jobs improperly, and criticized Vignola for falsely claiming that the husband was a volunteer rather than a hired employee.

A series of analyses by the research institute MDRC found that the "Small Schools of Choice" (SSC) had "marked increases in progress toward graduation and in graduation rates" for three successive cohorts of students analyzed (students who entered the SSCs in 2005, 2006, and 2007) compared with other schools, including students of color, compared with students of color at similar schools.

(Small Schools of Choice are academically non-selective, small in size, and were structured to be a reasonable choice for students of varying academic backgrounds.)

In 2005, Klein fired Columbia University professor Rashid Khalidi from the teacher training program, reportedly because of Khalidi's political views.

After the controversial decision, Columbia University president Lee Bollinger spoke out on Khalidi's behalf, writing: "The department's decision to dismiss Professor Khalidi from the program was wrong and violates First Amendment principles.... The decision was based solely on his purported political views and was made without any consultation and apparently without any review of the facts."

The program's creator Mark Willner stated that (Khalidi) "spoke on geography and demography," and that "There was nothing controversial, nothing political."

In 2007, Klein installed a computer system called The Achievement Reporting and Innovation System (ARIS), at a cost of $95 million, with records on 1 million current and former students.

Teachers and parents were able to track student progress with the system.

In 2007, the Klein launched a major redesign of the formula used to fund schools.

Previously, funding for teachers had been based on the salaries of the teachers in the building, leading to more funding for schools in schools with students from more affluent backgrounds, as teachers tended to stay at those schools longer (and be relatively better paid than teachers with less experience).

According to Bob Herbert, Bill Gates, speaking about the national movement for smaller schools, stated in 2008, that “Simply breaking up existing schools into smaller units often did not generate the gains we were hoping for.”.

He was succeeded by Cathie Black in January 2011.

New York magazine ranked Klein as one of the most influential people in public education.

Klein had never obtained the common formal credentials that one would have to take a leadership role in a public school system, and Klein had a short duration of teaching experience.

After Klein left his job as chancellor to work at the News Corp., a company owned by the News Corp. got a contract for nearly $10 million to manage the system in 2012.

Subsequent News Corp. contracts were worth millions more.

Klein denied a conflict of interest.

Finally, in 2014, the Education Department decided to abandon the system, due to its high cost, limited functionality, and little use by parents and staff.