Jo Ann Robinson

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (April 17, 1912 – August 29, 1992) was an activist during the Civil Rights Movement and educator in Montgomery, Alabama.

Born Jo Ann Gibson, near Culloden, Georgia, on April 17, 1912, she was the youngest of twelve children.

Her parents were Owen Boston and Dollie Webb Gibson, who had owned a farm.

Her father died when Robinson was only 6 years old.

After her father's death, Robinson, her mother, and her eleven other siblings moved to Macon, Georgia.

Robinson excelled in school and earned valedictorian at her high school in her graduating year.

She became the first person in her family to graduate from college, attending Fort Valley State College.

Robinson graduated from Fort Valley State College with her Bachelor's degree in 1934.

After college, she became a public school teacher in Macon, where she was married to Wilbur Robinson for a short time.

Five years later, she went to Atlanta, where she earned an M.A. in English at Atlanta University.

Robinson continued her education even after earning her Masters at New York's Columbia University, and continued to study English.

Shortly after, she went to teach at Mary Allen College.

After teaching in Texas, she then accepted a position at Alabama State College (now Alabama State University) in Montgomery.

She was also active in the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.

It was in Montgomery, Alabama, where Robinson joined the Women's Political Council, which Mary Fair Burks had founded three years earlier.

The WPC was an organization dedicated to inspiring African Americans to rise above the level of mediocrity that they had been conditioned to accept, to fight juvenile delinquency, increase voter registration in the African American community, and to improve their status as a group.

The WPC was also in the development in women's involvement in civic affairs, worked towards encouraging African Americans to vote, and helping women who were victims of rape.

In 1949, Robinson was verbally attacked by a bus driver for sitting in the front "Whites only" section of the bus.

The whites-only section was empty except for one person 2 rows in front of her.

Out of fear that the incident would escalate and that the driver would go from verbal abuse to physical, Robinson chose to leave the bus.

Her response to the incident was to attempt to start a protest boycott against bus segregation in Alabama.

However, when Robinson approached fellow WPC members with her story and proposal, she was told that it was "a fact of life in Montgomery."

In late 1950, she succeeded Burks as president of the WPC and helped focus the group's efforts on buses, becoming an outspoken critic of the treatment of African Americans on public transportation.

To further her efforts, Robinson met with William A. Gayle, the mayor of Montgomery at the time.

Robinson met with City Hall's council, but they were not interested in what she had to say.

When City Hall's leaders were no help, Robinson took matters into her own hands and organized a boycott once again.

The WPC made complaints to the Montgomery City Commission about the bus seating and abusive drivers.

They achieved some concessions, including an undertaking that drivers would be courteous, and having buses stop at every corner in Black neighborhoods as they did in white areas.

After Brown vs. Board of Education (1954), Robinson informed the mayor of the city that a boycott would soon rise.

After Rosa Parks' arrest, they seized the moment to plan the Montgomery bus boycott.

On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move from her seat in the black area of the bus she was traveling on to make way for a white passenger who was standing.

Parks, a civil rights organizer, had intended to instigate a reaction from white citizens and authorities.

That night, with Parks' permission, Robinson stayed up mimeographing 35,000 handbills calling for a boycott of the Montgomery bus system, with the help of the chairman of the Alabama State College business department, John Cannon, and two students.

The boycott was supported and fought by many.

In a 1976 interview, Robinson pointed out, "That boycott was not supported by a few people; it was supported by 52,000 people".

The boycott was initially planned for just the following Monday.

Robinson passed out the leaflets at a Friday afternoon meeting of AME Zionist clergy, among other places, and Reverend L. Roy Bennett requested other ministers attend a meeting that Friday night and to urge their congregations to take part in the boycott.

Robinson, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, two of her senior students and other WPC members then passed out the handbills to high school students leaving school that afternoon.

After the success of the one-day boycott, Black citizens decided to continue the boycott and established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts.

The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. was elected president.