Jawad Saleem

Jewad Selim (1919–1961) (جواد سليم) was an Iraqi painter and sculptor born in Ankara, Ottoman Empire in 1919.

He became an influential artist through his involvement with the Iraqi Baghdad Modern Art Group, which encouraged artists to explore techniques that combined both Arab heritage and modern art forms.

He is considered to be one of Iraq's greatest 20th-century sculptors.

Jawad Saleem was born in Ankara, Ottoman Empire into a middle-class family.

His parents were both originally from Mosul in Northern Iraq, and his father, Mohammed Hajji Selim was a military officer who had been stationed in Ankara at the time of Saleem's birth, but returned to Baghdad in the 1920s, when the children were relatively young.

His father was an amateur artist, his mother was an artist and a skilled embroiderer and his brothers, Saud and Nizarre along with his sister, Naziha Salim all became artists.

Iraq in the 1930s had few art museums or galleries.

Accordingly, Saleem's first solo exhibition was held in the private home of prominent Iraqi architect, Mohamed Makiya.

Jawad Saleem studied sculpture in Paris (1938-1939) on a scholarship, but his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of war.

He relocated to Rome (1939-1940), but again his studies were interrupted by war, forcing him to return to Baghdad.

During the hiatus in his studies, Saleem was employed at the Directorate of Antiquities in Baghdad between 1940–1945 and was appointed head of the Sculpture Department at the Institute of Fine Arts in Baghdad, a position he retained until his death in 1961.

His work exposed him to Iraq's ancient art traditions, and he consciously sought to discover the possibilities of combining ancient motifs with within the modern abstract art he had observed in Europe.

His wife, Lorna Saleem, noted that he was fascinated with ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian sculptures.

She explained:

"'His aim was to create an artistic language, unique to Iraq, built on the great art of its past civilizations, Sumer, Babel, Assyria and of course, Islam, but in the language of the 20th century."

He is generally credited with being the first Iraqi artist to draw on his heritage and guide local artists towards a distinctly Iraqi style.

In 1944, he was invited to work with historical masterpieces and to assist archaeologists in any restoration work that was necessary.

These encounters with ancient heritage fostered a strong sense of pride in Iraq's ancient art heritage and questions about the nexus between 'heritage' and 'contemporary' art which would preoccupy the artist and philosopher for the rest of his working life.

At war's end, he enrolled at the Slade School, London (1946-1948), where he was heavily influenced by Western artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore.

In England, he met an artist, Lorna, a native of Sheffield, and the pair were married in 1950.

Towards the end of the 1950s, he made the decision to focus exclusively on sculpture.

In 1951, he gave a public lecture in which he spoke critically and bitterly about public taste in Iraq.

For this, Saleem became known as an 'enemy of the people.' Yet within two decades, Saleem was praised by the Iraqi elite and his reputation was mythologised by poets and writers.

He was one of the founders of the Jama'et Baghdad lil Fen al-Hadith (The Baghdad Modern Art Group, founded in 1951) with fellow artist Shakir Hassan Al Said and Mohammed Ghani Hikmat (1929-2011); a group which attempted to combine ancient Iraqi art traditions with modern European techniques.

The group's mantra, was istilham al-turath – seeking inspiration from tradition.

Saleem, along with al-Said and other members of the Modern Baghdad group were inspired by the 13th-century Baghdad School and the work of ancient calligraphers and illustrators such as Yahya Al-Wasiti who was active in Baghdad in the 1230s.

They believed that the Mongol invasion of 1258 represented a "break in the chain of pictorial Iraqi art" and wanted to recover lost traditions.

Saleem first came to the attention of international audiences in 1952 when his competition entry, The Unknown Political Prisoner was one of 80 selected out of 3,500 entries for exhibition at the Tate Gallery in London and was the only Arab artist to be included in the exhibition.

The following year he toured the United States and his work was well received.

Although he worked both as a painter and sculptor, he always had misgivings about practising both simultaneously.

The sculptor understood that the monument would need to be a symbol of a new world, and designed a work that was a narrative of the 1958 revolution, but that also paid homage to Iraq's deep art history by including Abbasid and Babylonian wall-reliefs, producing a sculpture that was both "strikingly modern" yet also referenced tradition.

Saleem laboured on the project under difficult conditions, resisting all attempts by Qasim to have his image incorporated.

Initially, Saleem had wanted the sculpture to be at ground level, but the architect, Rifa'at Chadirchi insisted that it be elevated so that it would look more 'monumental'.

As a result, the completed work faces the busy traffic rather than people walking in the adjacent gardens.

In 1959, shortly after Iraq gained independence, Saleem was commissioned by the new leader of the republic, Brigadier General 'Abd al-Karim Qasim to create a monument for the city centre that would be a celebration to Iraq's declaration of independence.

It was to be situated in the heart of Baghdad's central business district, overlooking Liberation Square and Jamhouriyya Bridge.

After the death of Saleem in 1961, al-Said headed the group.

This group accomplished a great deal in terms of popularising modern art by giving Iraqis a sense of national pride in their ancient art heritage.

Although the monument was Saleem's design, he did not see it through to completion; following his premature death, the project was completed in 1961 by Saleem's friend, Mohammed Ghani Hikmat, who had previously been assisting on the project by casting the bronze figures.

The completed monument, known as Nasb al-Hurriyah ("Monument of Freedom"), has survived various attempts to have it pulled down and is one of Baghdad's most iconic public works.