Jacquie Sturm

Jacqueline Cecilia Sturm (born Te Kare Papuni, also known as Jacquie Baxter; 17 May 1927 – 30 December 2009) was a New Zealand poet, short story writer and librarian.

She was one of the first Māori women to complete an undergraduate university degree, at Victoria University College, followed by a Masters of Arts in Philosophy.

She was also the first Māori writer to have her work published in an English anthology.

Sturm was born on 17 May 1927 in Ōpunake, Taranaki, New Zealand.

Her birth name was Te Kare Papuni.

Her father, John Raymond Papuni, was part of the Whakatōhea iwi from Ōpōtiki in the Bay of Plenty region, and her mother, Mary Kingsley Harrison, was the daughter of Moewaka Tautokai, an adopted daughter of Taranaki chief Wiremu Kingi Moki Te Matakatea, and Te Whare Matangi Harrison, a nephew of the English novelist Charles Kingsley.

Sturm's mother died of septicaemia shortly after her birth.

Her father took her older sister Evadne back to the Bay of Plenty to be raised by his family, but Sturm's maternal grandmother Tautokai insisted on raising her in Taranaki.

Tautokai became ill when Sturm was four and believed she was dying, so Sturm was fostered by a local nurse and her husband, Ethel and Bert Sturm, who renamed her Jacqueline Cecilia Sturm and formally adopted her in 1941.

Ethel was Pākehā, while Bert was Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Porou, and a greengrocer.

Both were in their late 50s/early 60s at the time of the adoption and had two elder daughters.

Sturm grew up with them in a predominantly Pākehā environment, and wrote in later years of her feeling of being out of place or living between worlds.

Her poem "In Loco Parentis" recalled how the Sturms "... planted, nurtured / Trained, pruned, grafted me / Only to find a native plant / Will always a native be".

Sturm began writing poetry at age 11, while recovering from what may have been rheumatic fever and living in Pukerua Bay.

She excelled at school both academically and in sport, becoming school dux and swimming champion of Napier Girls' High School.

In her late teens, she visited Māori communities in Urewera and the Bay of Plenty, where her father was from, and after this experience had ambitions of becoming a doctor.

Reverend Manuhuia Bennett (later the Bishop of Aotearoa) was impressed by her educational achievements and was instrumental in encouraging her parents to allow her to enrol at the University of Otago.

In 1946, Sturm began studying at the University of Otago; she was the only Māori woman on campus.

Her initial plan had been to study medicine, but despite earning strong grades, she narrowly missed out on entrance to the medical school due to admissions criteria favouring soldiers returned from the Second World War.

She therefore started studying towards a Bachelor of Arts, initially with a view to re-trying for admission to the medical school, but decided instead to pursue graduate study in anthropology.

Sturm had her first poem published in the student magazine Critic, and was a runner-up in an annual poetry competition to another young New Zealand poet, James K. Baxter.

Her first impression of Baxter was that he was "a somewhat dopey-looking individual, not my idea of a poet, but he had a marvellous voice and he knew how to use it".

In late 1947 Sturm moved to Canterbury University College in Christchurch to study anthropology under the well-known social psychologist Ivan Sutherland.

By this time she and Baxter were in a relationship and he moved to Christchurch with her.

Sturm later recalled feeling disconcerted when he turned up in her lectures.

He suffered from alcoholism during this time and his behaviour was often erratic.

Baxter became the literary editor of the student magazine Canta, but did not publish any poems written by Sturm, and her first poems in the magazine were published by Bill Pearson when he took over the role from Baxter in 1948.

When Sturm and Baxter began speaking of marriage in late 1948, both sets of parents tried to dissuade them, given that they were only 21 and 22 respectively.

Despite this parental opposition, Sturm and Baxter married on 9 December 1948 at the Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, Napier, then moved to Wellington.

In 1949, Sturm graduated from Victoria University College with a Bachelor of Arts, becoming one of the first Māori women to complete an undergraduate university degree.

That same year she gave birth to her and Baxter's daughter, Hilary.

Hilary's godfather was the painter Colin McCahon.

Her short stories were published in several collections and student magazines in the 1950s and early 1960s, and in 1983 a women's publishing collective printed a collection of her short stories as The House of the Talking Cat.

Early in the 1950s, Sturm began to write short stories, partly to distinguish her own writing from her husband's poetry.

For similar reasons, she wrote under the name J.C. Sturm rather than using her married name.

In 1952, Sturm graduated from Victoria University College with a Masters of Arts in Philosophy, one of the first masters' degrees awarded to a Māori woman.

Her dissertation, "New Zealand National Character as Exemplified in Three New Zealand Novelists", was commended as being of exceptional merit, and she was awarded first class honours.

In that same year, Sturm and Baxter had a son, John.

Her first short story, "The Old Coat", was published in the journal Numbers in 1954.

She continued to write short stories and poetry well into the early 2000s, and is regarded today as a pioneer of New Zealand literature.