Isa Qassim

Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Isa Ahmed Qassim (Arabic: آية الله الشيخ عيسى أحمد قاسم) is Bahrain's leading Shia cleric and a politician.

He is the spiritual leader of Al Wefaq, Bahrain's biggest opposition society.

He is the founder and leader of the Islamic Enlightenment Institution.

Isa Qassim was born in 1937 to a fisherman in Duraz though some sources reported he was born either in 1940 or 1941.

He attended Budaiya primary school where he was known for his intelligence and it was reported that he always scored the highest marks.

After finishing primary school and with his brother's aid he moved to Manama's secondary school.

During his academic study, Isa Qassim went to Noaim at night to study Islamic teachings under sheikh Abdul-Hussain Al-Heli (Died in 1957).

After graduating he worked as a teacher in Budaiya primary school where he remained until 1962.

In 1962, Qassim began studies at the Najaf Religious Institute in Iraq, where he studied under many Marja's including Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr.

He remained in Al-Najaf for 4 years then returned to Bahrain where he worked as a teacher in Al-Khamis intermediate school for 2 years before returning to Al-Najaf.

In Al-Najaf, he met with other Shia Bahraini scholars including: Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri, Sheikh Abdulla Al-Guraifi, Sheikh Abdulla Al-Madani and Sheikh Abbas Al-Rayes.

All of them were from the same generation and knew each other well even before going to Al-Najaf, due to being partners as students or teachers.

In 1971, Isa Qassim was chosen by religious leaders to be a candidate for elections while he was still in Iraq.

At first he refused and wanted to stay in Iraq to finish his studies and stay away from politics, but just four days before candidates registration was closed, his brother Mahdi traveled to Iraq and brought him back along with his wife and kids.

In 1972, he was elected for the Constituent assembly where he had big influence in including parts of the Islamic sharia in the 1973 constitution.

In 1972, a 'religious block' was formed which included Isa Qassim, Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri, Sheikh Abdulla Al-Madani, Sheikh Abbas Al-Rayes, Suleiman Al-Mubarak and Hassan Al-Motawwaj.

At first they were nine members, but later three of them joined the 'Independent middle' block.

During elections the block adopted a wide program including: supporting the labor's union & demands, forbidding trade of Alcoholic drinks and separating men and women in higher education (like primary, intermediate and secondary schools).

They also called for prohibiting male doctors from treating females (especially in pregnancy) as well as other demands that are part of the Islamic customs.

In 1973, Qassim was elected a member of Bahrain's parliament, the National Assembly of Bahrain, until the parliament was dissolved in August 1975.

He gained 1079 votes making him the biggest winner in the fifteen constituency.

At the beginning of the 1990s, Isa Qassim traveled to Qum in Iran to continue his religious studies.

He studied on the hands of some of the highest-ranking Marjas including: Ayatollah Sayed Mahmood al-Qashimi, Ayatollah Sayed Kadhem al-Haeri and Ayatollah Fadhel al-Lankarani.

The Bahraini government alleged that Qassim was implicated in a coup plot in 1996.

They accused him to be the head of an Iran-based group called Hizbullah Bahrain, who were said to be behind a conspiracy to overthrow the Bahraini government.

After tortures, some of those convicted of the conspiracy “confessed to receiving financial help and military training from Iran and Lebanon”.

This claim was described by Human Rights Watch as lacking any credibility.

Their confessions were broadcast on Bahrain TV.

Many Bahraini Shias denied that Isa Qassim was involved in any plot and claimed that the confessions were taken under torture.

Isa Qassim is often referred to as the spiritual leader of Al Wefaq.

However, he has no formal position within the party and has attained this status as a result of his religious seniority.

Some see this as a way for Qassim to avoid “submitting his opinions to internal democratic debate so that he can retain the final decision without paying the price for it”.

Qassim rarely makes his decisions in public.

In March 2001, he finished his studies, gained the title of Ayatollah and returned to Bahrain on March 8, 2001.

Isa Qassim has been leading Friday sermon in Duraz mosque since his return to Bahrain in 2001.

Thousands of worshipers attend this sermon weekly.

Throughout the Bahraini uprising (2011–present) Qassim has been a vocal critic of the government and has led the opposition to King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.

"Bahrain’s Sunni rulers have treated Shiite anti-government protesters seeking greater rights in the Gulf kingdom as enemies of state."

He said on September 16 during Friday Sermon.

"the politics of fear and the Sunni rulers’ refusal to reform has strengthened the resolve of Bahrain's Shiite majority. He added.