Harmoko

Harmoko (7 February 1939 – 4 July 2021), colloquially referred to as Bung Harmoko, was an Indonesian politician and journalist who was active during the New Order era.

Born from humble origins in East Java, on 7 February 1939, Harmoko graduated from journalistic school, and became a journalist.

He was active during the Guided Democracy and New Order regimes, working in a number of different newspapers, including Merdeka, Merdiko, and Harian Mimbar Kita.

Harmoko was born in Patianrowo Village, Nganjuk Regency, East Java, Dutch East Indies, on 7 February 1939.

He was the third child of ten children.

Harmoko was raised by both of his parents, his mother, Soeriptinah, and his father, Asmoprawiro.

He began his education at the People's School (the equivalent of primary school today), before pursuing further education to the Junior High School (SMP), and High School (SMA).

Harmoko eventually became actively involved in the Surakarta Cultural Association, and attended journalism education there.

He took part in the VII Regular Program at the National Resilience Institute.

He continued his journalistic endeavors, and attended a journalistic school in Jakarta.

After graduating from Journalistic school in Jakarta, he worked as a journalist and cartoonist at the Harian Merdeka (Merdeka Daily) newspaper, until 1962, when he left to work for the Berita Merdeka (Merdeka Magazine).

In 1964, he left Berita Merdeka, and went to work at the Harian Angkatan Bersenjata (Armed Forces Daily).

He continued his journalistic career at the API Daily in 1965, before serving as the editor-in-chief of the Javanese-language magazine, Merdiko.

In the following year, he became the head of the Harian Mimbar Kita newspaper.

In 1970, he founded his own newspaper, the Pos Kota in Jakarta.

In 1970, he was elected as the General Chairperson of the Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI) branch in Jakarta, and two years later, he was elected as the General Chairperson of the entire PWI.

In 1970, he, together with some friends, founded his own newspaper, the Pos Kota (City Post).

The post was designed as a daily paper, with a people's perspective, which was to report the events experienced by the "little people".

The venture was highly risky, as the "little people" (the target audience of the paper), had little purchasing power.

However, the business proved successful, and Harmoko made a considerable sum from the paper.

The contents of Pos Kota discussed the various aspects of people's lives in the capital city of Jakarta, from politics, social affairs, and crime.

Another distinctive feature of the Pos Kota was the appendix, which contained pictures of urban life which were presented in the form of cartoons, which conveyed Harmoko's social criticisms of people's daily lives.

He was also responsible for the creation of the Terbit newspaper.

His paper's success made him a figure within the Indonesian press.

In 1970, he was elected as the General Chairperson of the Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI) branch in Jakarta.

He served as the chair of the branch from 1970 until 1972, when he was elected as General Chairperson of the Central PWI in 1973.

He served as General Chairperson of the PWI from 1973 until 1983, becoming the longest serving chairperson of the PWI.

In 1977, Harmoko was elected a member of the People's Representative Council, as a member of the ruling Golkar organization.

In 1977, Harmoko was elected a member of the People's Representative Council (DPR), as a member of the ruling Golkar organization.

He continued his career in DPR, eventually becoming the Chairman of the Golkar Central Executive Board (DPP).

As chairman of the Golkar DPP, Harmoko succeeded in influencing the public during the 1982 elections, through the Safari Ramadhan program.

In 1983, he was appointed Minister of Information, likely due to his background in journalism.

His skill at maintaining the New Order's image and Suharto's appearance led to him being dubbed the 'influencer-in-chief'.

In 1993, Harmoko was elected as the Chairman of Golkar, becoming the first civilian to hold the post.

He served as the Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1997 until 1999, and was a factor in president Suharto's resignation during the widespread student demonstrations which occurred at the end of the New Order.

In June 1997, he was appointed state minister for special affairs, a post he held for only three months as in October 1997, he was chosen to serve as the Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly and People's Representative Council.

Despite years of loyalty to President Suharto, following widespread student demonstrations calling for a change of government, Harmoko caused great surprise at a press conference by asking the president to step down within five days.

Likely due to the fact that he may have been upset by his dismissal as information minister, his dismissal as a possible vice presidential candidate, and his house being burned down by protesters.

Suharto saw Harmoko's request as a betrayal, while Tadjus Sobirin, the former chairman of Golkar's Jakarta branch called Harmoko "Brutus" during a leadership meeting of the party, a reference to Roman senator Marcus Junius Brutus, who assassinated his great-uncle Julius Caesar.

Harmoko died on 4 July 2021 at the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital due to COVID-19, and was buried the following day at Kalibata Heroes Cemetery.