Gurbachan Singh Salaria

Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria, PVC (29 November 1935 – 5 December 1961) was an Indian Army officer and member of a United Nations peacekeeping force.

Salaria was an alumnus of King George's Royal Indian Military College and the National Defence Academy (NDA).

He was the first NDA alumnus and is the only UN Peacekeeper to be awarded a Param Vir Chakra (PVC), India's highest wartime military decoration.

Gurbachan Singh Salaria was born on 29 November 1935, in Jamwal, a village near Shakargarh, Punjab, British India (now in Pakistan).

He was the second of five children of Munshi Ram and Dhan Devi.

His father had earlier been drafted into the Dogra Squadron of the Hodson's Horse regiment in the British Indian Army.

Listening to tales of his father and his regiment motivated Salaria to join the army at a very young age.

As a result of the partition of India, Salaria's family moved to the Indian part of Punjab and settled in Jangal village in Gurdaspur district.

Salaria enrolled in the local village school.

He was not very attentive to his studies and spent much of his time playing kabaddi.

In July 1946 he applied for admission into the King George's Royal Indian Military College in Bangalore.

Though he passed the entrance exam, he failed the medical exam because his chest was too small.

Salaria spent the following weeks exercising and when he applied again in August he met the requirements and was admitted into the college.

In August 1947, he was transferred to the KGRIMC in Jalandhar.

After passing out from KGRIMC, he joined the Joint Services Wing of the National Defence Academy (NDA).

On graduating from the NDA in 1956, he enrolled in the Indian Military Academy, completing his studies on 9 June 1957, when he was commissioned a second lieutenant.

Salaria was initially commissioned into the 2nd battalion, 3 Gorkha Rifles, but was later transferred to the 3rd battalion, 1 Gorkha Rifles in March 1960, following his promotion to lieutenant on 9 June 1959.

In June 1960, the Republic of the Congo became independent from Belgium.

But during the first week of July, a mutiny broke out in the Congolese Army and violence erupted between black and white civilians.

Belgium sent troops to protect fleeing whites and two areas of the country, Katanga and South Kasai, subsequently seceded with Belgian support.

The Congolese government asked the United Nations (UN) for help, and on 14 July 1960, the organisation responded by establishing the United Nations Operation in the Congo, a large multi-national peacekeeping force and aid mission.

In December 1961, Salaria was among the Indian troops deployed to the Republic of the Congo as part of the United Nations Operation in the Congo.

On 5 December, as part of Operation Unokat, Salaria's battalion was tasked to clear a roadblock of two armoured cars manned by 150 gendarmes of the secessionist State of Katanga on the way to the Elizabethville Airport.

The plan was that Salaria and his men were to block their retreat.

His rocket launcher team attacked and destroyed the Katangese armoured cars.

This unforeseen move confused the Katangese gendarmes, and Salaria felt it would be best to attack before they reorganised.

Though his troops were outnumbered, they charged towards the Katangese and killed 40 men in a kukri assault.

During the attack, Salaria was shot twice in the neck and eventually succumbed to his injuries.

The remaining gendarmes fled in confusion, leaving their dead and wounded behind.

This helped the main battalion to easily overrun the Katangese and clear the roadblock.

For his duty and courage, and disregard for his own safety during the battle, Salaria was awarded the PVC.

Between March–June 1961, under the command of Brigadier K.A.S. Raja, India contributed the 99th Infantry Brigade, around 3,000 men, to the UN force.

After attempts at reconciliation between the Congolese government and Katanga failed, on 24 November, the UN Security Council approved UN Security Council Resolution 169.

The resolution condemned Katanga's secession and authorised the use of force to immediately resolve the conflict and establish peace in the region.

In response, the Katangese Gendarmerie took two senior UN officials hostage.

They were later released, but Major Ajit Singh of the 1 Gorkha Rifles was also captured and eventually killed, as was his driver.

Roadblocks were erected by the gendarmes to prevent communication between the UN detachments and isolating them from each other, making it easier to take down the detachments one by one.

On 4 December a block was established on the road between the city of Élisabethville and the nearby airport.

UN troops reacted by initiating Operation Unokat to defend their positions and reestablish their freedom of movement in the region.

On 5 December 1961, the 3rd battalion, 1 Gorkha Rifles was tasked to clear the roadblock on the way to Élizabethville Airport at a strategic roundabout.