Gregory Goodwin Pincus

Pincus married Elizabeth Notkin (1900–1988) in 1924 and they had two children together.

Pincus was the recipient of numerous awards.

Gregory Goodwin Pincus (April 9, 1903 – August 22, 1967) was an American biologist and researcher who co-invented the combined oral contraceptive pill.

Pincus was one of five siblings born in Woodbine, New Jersey to Jewish parents, who were immigrants from the Russian Empire.

His father was Joseph Pincus, a teacher and the editor of a farm journal, and his mother was Elizabeth (née Lipman), whose family had come from the region that is now Latvia.

He credited two uncles, both agricultural scientists, for his interest in research.

His IQ was said to be 210 and his family considered him a genius.

Pincus attended Cornell University and received a bachelor's degree in biology in 1924.

He attended Harvard University, where he was an instructor in zoology while also working toward his master's and doctorate degrees.

From 1927 to 1930 he moved from Harvard to Cambridge University in England to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology with Richard Goldschmidt in Berlin where he performed research.

He became an instructor in general physiology at Harvard University in 1930 and was promoted in 1931 to an assistant professor.

Pincus began studying hormonal biology and steroidal hormones early in his career.

He was interested in the way that hormones affected mammals' reproductive systems.

His first breakthrough came early, when he was able to produce in vitro fertilization in rabbits in 1934.

In 1936, he published his discoveries after his experiments.

His experiments involving parthenogenesis produced a rabbit that appeared on the cover of Look magazine

in 1937.

To create the in vitro rabbit baby, Pincus removed the ovum from the mother rabbit and placed it in a solution mixture of saline and estrone.

Afterwards, he placed the "fertilized" ovum back into the rabbit.

Pincus' experiment became known as "Pincogenesis" because other scientists were unable to attain the same results when conducting the experiment.

After he was misquoted in an interview, it was believed that his experiment was the beginning of the use of in vitro for humans.

In 1944, Pincus co-founded the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.

He wanted to continue his research on the relationship between hormones and diseases such as, but not limited to, cancer, heart disease, and schizophrenia.

In 1951, Margaret Sanger met Pincus at a dinner hosted by Abraham Stone, director of the Margaret Sanger Research Bureau and medical director and vice president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), and procured a small grant from PPFA for Pincus to begin hormonal contraceptive research.

Pincus, along with Min Chueh Chang, confirmed earlier research that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation.

In 1952, Sanger told her friend Katharine McCormick about Pincus and Chang's research.

Frustrated by PPFA's meager interest and support, McCormick and Sanger met with Pincus in 1953 to dramatically expand the scope of the research with 50-fold increase in funding from McCormick.

Pincus was fascinated by Sanger because she revealed what life was like for women who were living in poverty who endured many pregnancies.

Sanger indirectly influenced him to create a successful contraceptive to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

In order to prove the safety of "the pill," human trials had to be conducted.

These were initiated on infertility patients of Dr. John Rock in Brookline, Massachusetts using progesterone in 1953 and then three different progestins in 1954.

Puerto Rico was selected as a trial site in 1955, in part because there was an existing network of 67 birth control clinics serving low-income women on the island.

Trials began there in 1956 and were supervised by Dr. Edris Rice-Wray and Celso-Ramón García.

Some of the women experienced side effects from "the pill" (Enovid) and Edris Rice-Wray wrote Pincus and reported that Enovid "gives one hundred percent protection against pregnancy [but causes] too many side reactions to be acceptable".

Pincus and Rock disagreed based on their experience with patients in Massachusetts and conducted research showing that placebos caused similar side effects.

The trials went on and were expanded to Haiti, Mexico and Los Angeles despite high attrition rates, due to the large number of women eager to try this form of contraception.

By the end of the 1960s, more than 300 international researchers came to participate in the Worcester Foundation of Experimental Biology.

Pincus never lost interest in mammals' reproduction systems.

He began to research infertility.

In May 1960, the FDA extended Enovid's approved indications to include contraception.