Giliana Berneri

Giliana Berneri or Giliane Berneri (5 October 1919 – 19 July 1998) was a French doctor of medicine and a libertarian communist activist.

Giliana Berneri was the second daughter of the eminent Italian anarchist and academic Camillo Berneri and his similarly focused wife Giovanna Berneri (born Giovanna Caleffi).

Giliana and her sister were born in Tuscany, but the family fled to France in 1926 in order to escape the Fascist Mussolini government.

The father's scathing anti-Fascist newspaper articles had marked the family out for persecution.

In France he was unable to find permanent employment, and frequently went into hiding to avoid the unwelcome attentions of the Italian Security Services.

Nevertheless, there was considerable solidarity among the political anti-Fascist exiles in Paris and eventually Giovanna, the girls' mother, was able to set up a fruit and vegetable shop in a popular quarter.

Money continued to be short, but the family survived and the daughters' education was financed.

Both of the daughters qualified as medical doctors.

Giliana's specialisms became Pediatrics and Psychoanalysis.

On 5 May 1937 her father was assassinated, together with his friend and fellow anarchist Francesco "Ciccio" Barbieri, in Barcelona.

They were dragged off by a gang of a dozen men, and their bodies were found riddled with bullets the next day.

Although the killers and the sequence of events in the hours before the killings were never precisely identified, it quickly became believed that Camillo Berneri had been murdered on Stalin's orders after his journalism had highlighted Soviet involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

Although Giliana pursued her medical studies with continued energy, the circumstances of her father's death provided her with a compelling motivation to continue with her father's political work, and it is for her political activity that she is more widely remembered.

In 1938 Giliana and her sister, Marie-Louise Berneri, took part in the production and publication of the review Révision, founded by Louis Mercier-Vega, Lucien Feuillade and Nicolas Lazarévitch.

In 1940 she was involved in the successful campaign to have her comrade and fellow (originally Italian) anarchist Ernesto Bonomini released from a French internment camp - possibly Camp Vernet - and she may have accompanied Bonomini into political exile in the United States.

War ended in May 1945 and Giliana returned to France and married her partner, (generally known as "Serge Ninn") while her sister stayed in London with her English anarchist husband Vernon Richards.

During the war their mother had been arrested and deported first to Germany and then to Italy where she had spent most of the war under house arrest.

Giliane Berneri took French citizenship on 17 October 1947.

At the first post war anarchist conference, which took place in May 1948 in Paris, the three of them were all present, each representing a different country.

The mother was with the Italian delegation while her daughters represented respectively Britain and France.

In 1948 this group comprised "approximately twenty militants and sympathisers belonging to the university [of the Sorbonne], in the metallurgy, buildings, medical and hospital departments, focused the books and instruction" including Georg K. Glaser and André Prudhommeaux.

Her home in the Latin Quarter of Paris was one of those scheduled for police monitoring.