George Tooker

George Clair Tooker, Jr. (August 5, 1920 – March 27, 2011) was an American figurative painter.

His works are associated with Magic realism, Social realism, Photorealism, and Surrealism.

His subjects are depicted naturally as in a photograph, but the images use flat tones, an ambiguous perspective, and alarming juxtapositions to suggest an imagined or dreamed reality.

He did not agree with the association of his work with Magic realism or Surrealism, as he said, "I am after painting reality impressed on the mind so hard that it returns as a dream, but I am not after painting dreams as such, or fantasy."

George Tooker was born on August 5, 1920, in Brooklyn, New York where he spent the first six years of his life.

He was raised by his mother, Angela Montejo Roura, who was of English, German and Spanish-Cuban descent and his father George Clair Tooker who was of English and French descent.

His religious upbringing was in the Episcopal Church.

During the Great Depression, the family resided in Bellport, New York.

He had one sister, Mary Tooker Graham.

He took art lessons as a child and spent much of his young adult life at the Fogg Art Museum.

He was particularly interested in Classical sculpture, Flemish painting and sculpture, Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture, Dutch Golden Age painting, 17th-century French art, Neue Sachlichkeit art, and Mexican art of the 1920s and 1930s.

Some individuals that influenced Tooker include Italian artists Paolo Uccello and Piero della Francesca; American artists Jared French, Edward Hopper, Paul Cadmus, Honoré Desmond Sharrer, and Henry Koerner.

Early in his career, Tooker's work was often compared with painters such as Andrew Wyeth, Edward Hopper, and his close friends Jared French and Paul Cadmus.

His most well-known paintings carry strong social commentary, and are often characterized as his "public" or "political" pieces.

Tooker spent the late 1940s and early 1950s in Brooklyn.

He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard University with an English degree in 1942, after which he enlisted in the Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps), but was discharged for medical reasons.

He studied at the Art Students League of New York under Reginald Marsh from 1943 to 1945.

Kenneth Hayes Miller influenced Tooker's work by encouraging the emphasis on form rather than expressive emotion to convey a painting's meaning.

Tooker regarded Harry Sternberg a good teacher at the League due to his pointed, challenging questions.

Upon reading Daniel V. Thompson's The Practice of Tempera Painting, Tooker began to paint in the traditional Renaissance painting method.

Tooker appreciated its slow manner of application in particular.

Tooker acknowledged the need for other art to support his development process.

He spent much of his free time reading painting and sculpture books, studying the works of antiquity up to 20th-century art in an effort to augment his artistic vision.

Some of these include: The Subway (1950), Government Bureau (1955-1956), The Waiting Room (1956-1957), Lunch (1964), Teller (1967), Waiting Room II (1982), Corporate Decision (1983), and Terminal (1986).

These works are particularly influential, because they draw from universal experiences of modern, urban life.

Many portray visually literal depictions of social withdrawal and isolation.

Modernity's anonymity, mass-production, and fast pace are cast under an unforgiving, bleak, shadow-less light that conveys a sense of foreboding and isolation.

The use of many strong straight lines culminates in oppressively ordered, rectilinear architecture.

This precise geometric architecture, constructed to serve the subjects, physically dominates them.

Tooker saw modern society as behaving in this same way.

Some of these include the ten images of the Windows series (1955-1987), Doors (1953), Guitar (1957), Toilette (1962), and the Mirror series (1962-1971).

Modern life becomes a prison of soulless ritual devoid of individuality in Landscape with Figures (1966).

In 1968, he was elected to the National Academy of Design and was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Space is often compressed, as in Ward (1970-1971), with patients' beds lined head-to-foot with very little walking space, such that humanity is confined to strictly organized grids.

These images convey a sense of overwhelming silence in the lack of control each individual portrayed has over their depicted situation.

The people Tooker depicts are rarely overcome by emotion, never strut, and seldom convey individuality.

Rather, they shuffle along in heavy, uniform clothing and seem to act not based on individual will, but based on social conditioning.

In Supermarket (1973), nondescript shoppers are surrounded by brightly packaged consumables as easily replicated as the people themselves.

While Tooker's "public" imagery is hostile and solemn, his "private" images are often more intimate and positive.

Tooker was one of nine recipients of the National Medal of Arts in 2007.