George Grant (philosopher)

George Parkin Grant (13 November 1918 – 27 September 1988) was a Canadian philosopher, university professor and social critic.

He is known for his Canadian nationalism, a political conservatism that affirms the values of community, equality and justice and his critical, philosophical analysis of the social and political effects of limitless technological progress.

As a practising Christian, Grant conceived of time as the moving image of an eternal order illuminated by love.

Many of his writings express a complex meditation on and dialogue with the great thinkers of Western civilization including the "ancients" such as Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine of Hippo as well as "moderns" such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Leo Strauss, James Doull, Simone Weil and Jacques Ellul.

Grant distinguished between civilizations of antiquity in which people believed that sacred stories, rituals and myths revealed universal order and the civilizations of modernity that came into being with the rise of Western science, the rapid development of industrial technologies and the prevailing belief that human beings are free to create (or will) their own order.

"We can hold in our minds the enormous benefits of technological society, but we cannot so easily hold the ways it may have deprived us," Grant wrote, "because technique is ourselves."

He argued that the technological society has destroyed "the very systems of meaning" along with the language that expressed the highest human purposes.

"Our vision of ourselves as freedom in an indifferent world could only have arisen in so far as we had analyzed to disintegration those systems of meaning, given in myth, philosophy and revelation, which had held sway over our progenitors."

Grant vigorously opposed euthanasia, which he defined as "deliberately causing the death of someone who is not already dying," and abortion, except where the mother's life is in danger, or in psychologically traumatizing instances of rape, especially of young girls.

In the case of abortion, he argued that a woman's right to choose one "can only be made law by denying to another member of our species the right to exist" and, in the case of euthanasia, he wrote that rather than killing patients, doctors can alleviate their pain and fear.

He warned that legal access to euthanasia (or assisted suicide) and abortion on demand could result in the killing of people considered less human or less valuable such as the aged, handicapped or the infirm.

Although he is considered the main theoretician of red Toryism, he expressed dislike of the term when applied to his deeper philosophical interests, which he saw as his primary work as a thinker.

Recent research on Grant uncovers his debt to a neo-Hegelian idealist tradition, Canadian idealism, that had a major influence on many Canadian scholars and Canadian political culture more broadly.

Grant was born in Toronto on 13 November 1918, the son of Maude Erskine (née Parkin) and William Lawson Grant.

He came from a distinguished Canadian family of scholars and educators.

His father was the principal of Upper Canada College, and his paternal grandfather George Monro Grant was the dynamic principal of Queen's University.

His maternal grandfather was Sir George Robert Parkin, also a principal at Upper Canada College, whose daughter Alice married Vincent Massey, the Canadian diplomat and first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada.

Both of his grandfathers were strong proponents of the bonds between Canada and the British Empire, and this greatly influenced their grandson.

His nephew Michael Ignatieff is a public intellectual and former Leader of the Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons.

His niece Caroline Andrew was a political scientist.

On 1 July 1947 he married Sheila Allen whom he had met at Oxford.

Grant was educated at Upper Canada College and Queen's University from which he graduated with a history degree.

He attended Balliol College at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship, a trust his grandfather, George Parkin, had headed at one time.

Upon winning the Rhodes Scholarship, he enrolled towards a degree in law at Oxford, but after the Second World War ended, and Grant had experienced a deeper personal engagement with Christianity, he decided to change studies.

Grant was a faculty member at Dalhousie twice (1947–1960, 1980–1988), and at York University (1960–1961; he resigned before teaching) and McMaster University's religion department (1961–1980), which he founded and led in the 1960s and early 1970s.

Resistance was provoked by some of Grant's less "progressive" stances, most notably the definition of philosophy he published in 1949: "The study of philosophy is the analysis of the traditions of our society and the judgment of those traditions against our varying intuitions of the Perfections of God".

Especially angered and upset was Fulton Anderson of the University of Toronto's philosophy department.

Grant's definition is telling, in that it marks his take on philosophy's human perspective, which did not necessarily include assumptions regarding the objectivity of science, or the acceptance of the Enlightenment's fact–value distinction.

Throughout his career Grant was seen as a unique voice within academic institutions, and thus had strong appeal beyond the strict "community of scholars".

In fact, Grant criticized the trend in universities to move away from the "unity" of the traditional academy to a "multi-versity" comprising separate hives of undergraduate students, graduate students, professional faculties, and professors (years before the American Allan Bloom would become famous for similar themes).

His Doctor of Philosophy research was interrupted by the war, and he was already teaching in Dalhousie University's philosophy department when he completed his thesis, The Concept of Nature and Supernature in the Theology of John Oman, during a year-long sabbatical in 1950.

In 1965 Grant published his most widely known work, Lament for a Nation, in which he deplored what he claimed was Canada's inevitable cultural absorption by the United States, a phenomenon he saw as an instance of "continentalism".

He argued that the homogenizing effect in current affairs during the period when it was written would see the demise of Canadian cultural nationality.

In 1977, he became an editorial advisor of the journal Dionysius, which published his essay "Nietzsche and the Ancients: Philosophy and Scholarship" in 1979.

In George Grant: A Biography his struggles as a self-taught philosopher are highlighted.

Grant was not readily accepted into the traditional academic community of scholars in Canada.

Grant died on 27 September 1988.

The importance of the text is reflected in its selection in 2005 as one of The Literary Review of Canada 100 most important Canadian books.

Grant articulated a political philosophy which was becoming known as red Toryism.

It promoted the collectivist and communitarian aspects of an older English conservative tradition, which stood in direct opposition to the individualist traditions of liberalism and subsequently neo-liberalism.