Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti

She was born to Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869–1954), a member of the aristocratic Jibolu-Taiwo family, and Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874–1956).

Her father farmed and traded palm produce, and her mother worked as a dressmaker.

Frances' father was born to Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, who was himself born in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Abigail Fakemi, who was born in the Yoruba town of Ilesa.

Her parents married in 1897, and they had two children who died in infancy before Frances was born.

Although it was uncommon at the time for Nigerian families to invest in much education for girls, Frances' parents believed in the importance of education for both boys and girls.

She attended Abeokuta Grammar School for her secondary education.

Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, MON ( /ˌfʊnmiˈlaɪjoʊ ˈrænsəm ˈkuːti/; born Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas; 25 October 190013 April 1978), also known as Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti, was a Nigerian educator, political campaigner, suffragist, and women's rights activist.

Fumilayo Ransome Kuti was born in Abeokuta in what is now in Ogun State, and was the first female student to attend the Abeokuta Grammar School.

As a young adult, she worked as a teacher, organizing some of the first preschool classes in the country and arranging literacy classes for lower-income women.

Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas was born on 25 October 1900 in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, which at the time was a part of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, a Protectorate of the British Empire.

The school had initially been open only to male students, but it admitted its first female students in 1914, and Frances was first among the six girls registered for study that year.

From 1919 to 1922, she went abroad and attended a finishing school for girls in Cheshire, England, where she learned elocution, music, dressmaking, French, and various domestic skills.

It was there that she made the permanent decision to use her shortened Yoruba name, Funmilayo, instead of her Christian name Frances, likely in response to personal experiences of racism in England.

Afterwards, she returned to Abeokuta and worked as a teacher.

On 20 January 1925, Funmilayo married Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, a member of the Ransome-Kuti family.

Israel had studied at the Abeokuta Grammar School several years ahead of Funmilayo, and while she was still in school the two had developed a friendship followed by a courtship.

Israel found work as a school principal, and he strongly believed in bringing people together and overcoming ethnic and regional divisions.

He later became a co-founder of both the Nigeria Union of Teachers and of the Nigerian Union of Students.

His marriage with Funmilayo would last 30 years – until Israel's death – and was marked by a sense of equality and deep mutual respect between the couple.

After marriage, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti had quit her old job as a teacher, but she soon found other projects.

Ransome-Kuti and her husband had four children: a daughter named Dolupo (1926) and sons Olikoye "Koye" (1927), Olufela "Fela" (1938), and Bekololari "Beko" (1940).

In 1928 she established one of the first preschool classes in Nigeria.

Around the same time, she started a club for young women of elite families to encourage their "self-improvement", while also organizing classes for illiterate women.

In 1932, Ransome-Kuti had helped establish the Abeokuta Ladies Club.

The club focused on charity work, sewing, catering and adult education classes, and its early members were mostly Christian, Western-educated women from the middle class.

Between 1935 and 1936, the couple arranged to purchase a secondhand car and had it shipped to them from England.

Ransome-Kuti was the first woman in Abeokuta to drive a car.

During the 1940s, Ransome-Kuti established the Abeokuta Women’s Union and advocated for women’s rights, demanding better representation of women in local governing bodies and an end to unfair taxes on market women.

By the 1940s, however, the club was moving in a more political direction.

Described by media as the "Lioness of Lisabi", she led marches and protests of up to 10,000 women, forcing the ruling Alake to temporarily abdicate in 1949.

As Ransome-Kuti’s political influence grew, she took part in the Nigerian independence movement, attending conferences and joining overseas delegations to discuss proposed national constitutions.

Spearheading the creation of the Nigerian Women’s Union and the Federation of Nigerian Women’s Societies, she advocated for Nigerian women’s right to vote and became a noted member of international peace and women's rights movements.

Ransome-Kuti received the Lenin Peace Prize and was awarded membership in the Order of the Niger for her work.

In her later years, she supported her sons' criticism of Nigeria's military governments.

She died at the age of 77 after being wounded in a military raid on family property.

Ransome-Kuti's children included the musician Fela Kuti (born Olufela Ransome-Kuti), doctor and activist Beko Ransome-Kuti, and health minister Olikoye Ransome-Kuti.

Frances' oldest known paternal ancestor was her paternal great-grandmother, Sarah Taiwo (mother of Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), a Yoruba woman who had been captured by slave traders in the early 19th century before eventually returning home to her family in Abeokuta.

Sarah's first husband was Sobowale Thomas.

Sarah's descendants through Thomas and her other two husbands - the Jibolu-Taiwos - became some of the first Christians in the area, and had a large influence on the growth of Christianity in Abeokuta.

Frances' mother was born to Isaac Adeosolu, who was from Abeokuta, and Harriet, the daughter of Adeboye, who was from the ancient Yoruba town of Ile-Ife.