Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém

Nguyễn Văn Lém (1931/1932 – 1 February 1968), often referred to as Bảy Lốp, was an officer of the Viet Cong with the rank of captain.

He was summarily executed in Saigon by Republic of Vietnam General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan during the Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War.

Lém was captured by South Vietnamese troops while wearing civilian clothing near Saigon's Ấn Quang Pagoda on 1 February 1968, amid the Tet Offensive, a massive surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces.

He was brought to Brigadier General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, Chief of the Republic of Vietnam National Police, at 252 Ngô Gia Tự Street, District 10 (10.7638°N, 106.671°W), near the present-day Trấn Quốc pagoda.

The 36-year-old Lém was accused of murdering South Vietnamese Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Tuân, his wife, six children, and 80-year-old mother.

He was allegedly captured near a mass grave of approximately thirty civilians.

Loan summarily executed Lém in the street, using his .38 Special Smith & Wesson Bodyguard revolver to shoot the bound prisoner through the head.

The event was witnessed and recorded by Võ Sửu, a cameraman for NBC News, and Eddie Adams, an Associated Press photographer.

A photo of the execution won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and helped galvanize the anti-war movement in the United States.

Nguyễn Văn Lém was a captain in the Viet Cong and was known by the code name Bảy Lốp.

His wife, Nguyễn Thị Lốp, explained that his code name consisted of "Bảy" for the seventh son, and "Lốp" from her own name, which means tire in Vietnamese.

The photograph and film became famous images in contemporary American journalism, and won Adams the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography.

Loan was reported to have said afterwards: "If you hesitate, if you didn't do your duty, the men won't follow you."

Adams' photo of the event, titled Saigon Execution, became one of the most famous and influential images of the war, winning him the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography.

The photo also came to haunt Adams: "I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero."

He elaborated on this in a later piece of writing: "Two people died in that photograph. The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera."

Adams later stated he regretted he was unable to get a picture "of that Viet Cong [Lém] blowing away the [Tuân] family".

Ben Wright, associate director for communications at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, said of the photo: "There's something in the nature of a still image that deeply affects the viewer and stays with them. The film footage of the shooting, while Ghastly, doesn't evoke the same feelings of urgency and stark tragedy."

Lém's wife, Lốp, learned about her husband's death when she was given a newspaper with the photo on the front page.

It is unknown what happened to his body.

In 1975, Nguyễn Ngọc Loan fled South Vietnam during the Fall of Saigon, eventually emigrating to the United States.

Pressure from the U.S. Congress resulted in an investigation by the Library of Congress, which concluded that Lém's summary execution was illegal under South Vietnamese law.

In 1978, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) contended that Loan had committed a war crime.

They attempted to deport him, but President Jimmy Carter personally intervened to stop the proceedings, stating that "such historical revisionism was folly".

Loan died on July 14, 1998, in Burke, Virginia, at the age of 67.

The sole survivor of Lém's alleged killing of Tuân's family was Huan Nguyen; aged nine at the time, he was shot three times during the attack that killed his family and stayed with his mother for two hours as she bled to death.

In 2012, Douglas Sloan made a short film, Saigon '68, about Adams' photograph.

This film details the influence it had on the lives of Adams and Loan, and on public opinion of the Vietnam War.

In 2018, author Max Hastings detailed the allegations against Lém, adding that American historian Edwin Moise "is convinced that the entire story of Lém murdering the Tuân family is a post-war invention."

Hastings concluded that "the truth will never be known."

In interviews justifying the killing immediately after the event, Loan did not refer to the atrocity or Tuân, instead saying that he shot Lém out of anger for being out of uniform and for killing a policeman during capture.

Associated Press photographer Eddie Adams and NBC News television cameraman Võ Sửu witnessed the event.

Adams later recalled that he believed Loan was going to "threaten or terrorize" Lém, and took out his camera to record the event.

The photograph he subsequently captured showed the moment the bullet exited Lém's head.

The photograph and film were broadcast worldwide, galvanizing the anti-war movement in the United States.

In 2019, he became the highest-ranking Vietnamese-American officer in the U.S. military when he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.