Erik Erikson

Erik Homburger Erikson (born Erik Salomonsen; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a Danish German-American child psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings.

He coined the Phrase identity crisis.

Despite lacking a university degree, Erikson served as a professor at prominent institutions, including Harvard, University of California, Berkeley, and Yale.

On discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to Frankfurt am Main in Germany where Erik was born on 15 June 1902 and was given the surname Salomonsen.

She fled due to conceiving Erik out of wedlock, and the identity of Erik's birth father was never made clear.

Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to Karlsruhe, Germany.

In 1905 she married a Jewish pediatrician, Theodor Homburger.

In 1908, Erik Salomonsen's name was changed to Erik Homburger, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather.

Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was his real father, only revealing the truth to him in late childhood; he remained bitter about the deception all his life.

The development of identity seems to have been one of Erikson's greatest concerns in his own life as well as being central to his theoretical work.

As an older adult, he wrote about his adolescent "identity confusion" in his European days.

"My identity confusion", he wrote "[was at times on] the borderline between neurosis and adolescent psychosis."

Erikson's daughter wrote that her father's "real psychoanalytic identity" was not established until he "replaced his stepfather's surname [Homburger] with a name of his own invention [Erikson]."

The decision to change his last name came about as he started his job at Yale, and the "Erikson" name was accepted by Erik's family when they became American citizens.

It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would not be called "Hamburger" any longer.

Erik was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion.

Due to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children.

At temple school, his peers teased him for being Nordic; while at grammar school, he was teased for being Jewish.

At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his main interests were art, history and languages, but he lacked a general interest in school and graduated without academic distinction.

After graduation, instead of attending medical school as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in Munich, much to the liking of his mother and her friends.

Uncertain about his vocation and his fit in society, Erik dropped out of school and began a lengthy period of roaming about Germany and Italy as a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos and others.

For children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was not uncommon.

During his travels he often sold or traded his sketches to people he met.

Eventually, Erik realized he would never become a full-time artist and returned to Karlsruhe and became an art teacher.

During the time he worked at his teaching job, Erik was hired by an heiress to sketch and eventually tutor her children.

Erik worked very well with these children and was eventually hired by many other families that were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud.

During this period, which lasted until he was twenty-five years old, he continued to contend with questions about his father and competing ideas of ethnic, religious, and national identity.

When Erikson was twenty-five, his friend Peter Blos invited him to Vienna to tutor art at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Freud.

Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity to children at the school and encouraged him to study psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, where prominent analysts August Aichhorn, Heinz Hartmann, and Paul Federn were among those who supervised his theoretical studies.

He specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud.

Helene Deutsch and Edward Bibring supervised his initial treatment of an adult.

Simultaneously he studied the Montessori method of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages.

In 1930 Erikson married Joan Mowat Serson, a Canadian dancer and artist whom Erikson had met at a dress ball.

During their marriage, Erikson converted to Christianity.

In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.

This and his Montessori diploma were to be Erikson's only earned credentials for his life's work.

A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.

Erikson's mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish family in Copenhagen, Denmark.

She was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen, but had been estranged from him for several months at the time Erik was conceived.

Little is known about Erik's biological father except that he was a non-Jewish Dane.