Dany-Robert Dufour

In the book Le Divin Marché, la révolution culturelle libérale ("The Divine Market, the Liberal Cultural Revolution") Dufour tries to point out that we have come under the grip of a new victorious religion: the Divine Market, functioning on a simple but terribly efficient principle which Bernard Mandeville described in The Fable of the Bees in 1704: it is the vices (i.e., the self-regarding actions of men) which alone, by means of inventions and the circulation of capital in connection with luxurious living, stimulate society into action and progress.

This "miracle" is produced by "Divine providence", what Adam Smith was to call "The Invisible Hand".

Dufour also wants to point out that the liberal project tends to contradict the concept of "school" in Antiquity: Greek σχολή (scholē), Latin otium = free time, i.e. the time not employed to work or duties.

This concept permitted the individual, before entering business life (Latin "neg-otium" = time not free), to create a mastering of mind not to be subject to uncontrolled passions, neither his own nor those of others.

We are thus left to distinguish between two contrary concepts of education: the classical one with self-control and the liberal one where passions and urges on the loose are permitted.

The more this latter educational project triumphs, the more the desymbolized world of drives and urges will protrude, according to Dufour.

This world, however, creates a new problem: when no longer control of passions and urges is effected on a symbolic level, it must more and more be effected on a pure corporal level, inwards with pills and outwards with surveillance techniques – something happening not without implications for the function of democracy in liberal societies.

Dany-Robert Dufour (born in 1947) is a French philosopher, professor of educational sciences at the university Paris-VIII.

He teaches regularly abroad, particularly in Latin America.

His main focus is symbolic processes (specially désymbolisation) with relevance to language philosophy, political philosophy and psychoanalysis.

He is a frequent participant in cooperative artistic activities with music, literature or theatre.

In his books a large portion is dedicated to neoteny and the human physical inability of becoming "full-grown".

This has forced humans to invent culture.

This condition may be weakness as well as greatness of man.

Culture is created by "intersubjectivity", where an "I" is talking to a "you" about an "it".

The "it" in this conversation between two persons present is a symbolization of something absent.

A symbol has thus substituted the leader of the flock seen in other animals growing out of their neotenian state.

This abstract "leader" he calls "The Grand Subject" and has been referred to different symbolic powers throughout the ages: spirits, machinery of gods (like the Olympic gods), the monotheistic almighty God, the Proletariate, the Race and, lately, the neoliberal Market.

In the book L'art de réduire les têtes ("The Art of Shrinking Heads" ) Dufour considers the postmodern change which Lyotard refers to as "the end of the Grand Narrative".

This new aspect suits liberalism in an excellent way, being more flexible than the old way of thinking to the everchanging circulation of merchandise, he claims.

More generally this book describes and analyses – one year before the big Financial crisis of 2007–08 – the potentially destructive effects of (neo)liberalism, not only on the market economy, but also and particularly on other fields of human expression such as politics, use of symbols, semiotics, psychology... And not to disregard what contains everything: how to handle one's own living.

In La cité perverse – libéralisme et pornographie, 2009 (Perverted Society - Liberalism and Pornography) Dufour attempts to display that the economical and financial crisis starting in October 2009 has provided us with at least one advantage: it has revealed the perverted mechanisms regulating the function of today's society.

We live in a world that has made egoism (Adam Smith's "self love" ) its foremost principle.

This principle henceforth commands all forms of conduct, whether in the uppermost classes, among juvenile dilinquents or the middle-classes.

Destructive for the notions of "being together" or "being your-self" it urges us to live in a perverted society: pornography, selfishness, contestation of every law whatsoever, acceptance of social darwinism.

It makes the Other a tool and results in our world becoming de Sade-ish.

It extolls henceforth the alliance between Adam Smith and Marquis de Sade.

Against the old moral order, which summoned everyone to master his passions and urges, Dufour proposes that a new order has substituted the old one and that it is now, on the contrary, fashionable to display one's passions and urges regardless of any consequences.

He analyses today's world as a result of the revolution of western metaphysics during the century between Pascal's puritan philosophy and de Sade's porno fixated one (philosophie puritaine – philosophie "putaine").

De Sade had so well demonstrated how a world subject to the principle of absolute egoism would appear that he was to be imprisoned for 27 years and his books to be concealed in the archives of libraries for two centuries.

Dufour investigates de Sade's return, first masked, then overtly, during the 20th century and the world which will become the result of this.

He also tries to indicate some ways to escape this (a)moral trap.

L'individu qui vient … après le libéralisme ("The Individual that Appears … after liberalism"), published in 2011, is a new step in Dufour's work.

He considers that he has sufficiently deconstructed the liberal anthropology in his previous works and is now to enter a constructive line of work in his research for new possible axioms for a real civilizational policy.

He first states that western civilization, after a century of two forceful turbulences, nazism and stalinism, now is drawn into today's neoliberalism.

This produces a crisis in a hitherto unseen extension, the nature of which is political, economical, ecological, moral, subjective, esthetical, intellectual …

Dufour, however, sees nothing fatal in this third historical dead end during a century.

As a philosopher he considers possibilities to resist this latest totalitarianism which step by step changes and destroys various expressions of human culture.

Dufour sees no other solution than resuming things where they have been discontinued by this new religion which he in his previous works has called le divin Marché (The Divine Market).

Like all religions a promise makes it function: salvation by continual growth of riches – a precipitous fleeing ahead leading to global devastation according to Dufour.