Claude Fredericks

Claude Fredericks (October 14, 1923 – January 11, 2013) was an American poet, playwright, printer, writer, and teacher.

Fredericks was born in Springfield, Missouri, on October 14, 1923.

A precocious and lonely child, he began keeping a diary when he was eight years old.

His mother took him to weekly Sunday afternoon picture shows and he listened to broadcasts of plays and symphony concerts on the radio.

She took him on trips to New York, the Caribbean, Mexico, and Europe in the 1930s.

In the late 1940s Fredericks founded Banyan Press, which for decades issued hand-set limited editions by writers such as Gertrude Stein, John Berryman, and James Merrill.

The first several thousand pages of The Journal of Claude Fredericks, a personal diary that is unprecedented in its length, continuity, detail, and candor, has been published in several volumes.

More than 50,000 manuscript pages are held by the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California.

In 1941, at seventeen, he entered Harvard College, where he studied Greek with John Huston Finley Jr., Sanskrit with Walter Eugene Clark, and Oriental Art with Langdon Warner.

His friends included May Sarton, John Simon, John Berryman, Delmore Schwartz, Alan Rich, Paul Doguereau, and Fanny Peabody Mason.

He left college after a year and a half.

In 1944, he moved to New York, settled into a large, empty room at 35 East 65th Street, and began to study on his own.

He continued to maintain his journal and wrote stories and poems.

To these he added several radio plays and a short novel, The Wedding.

Fredericks decided that printing books by hand would allow him to make a living without worrying about having his own writings published.

It suited his passion for writing and for books as physical objects.

In 1946, he worked for a short time at Anaïs Nin’s Gemor Press and learned some of the rudiments of printing.

The Getty Research Center holds the archives of the venture and summarizes its history: "The Banyan Press was a small press founded in 1946 by Claude Fredericks and Milton Saul. In 1948 they moved their operation, a single 10 inch by 14 inch Golding press, to Pawlet, Vermont. Most of the book design and press work was done by Fredericks. Three or four items were designed by Saul, and one by Harry Prickett. Saul did most of the typesetting. All type was set by hand except for one item, the introduction to The Poetry Center Presents (1947), which was printed from Linotype. After 1950 Fredericks ran the press alone under his own name, except for the period 1975-1978, when he was assisted by David Beeken."

In 1947, in a basement butcher-shop on East 29th Street, he launched the Banyan Press, named for the tree that re-roots itself from its own branches.

Almost at once, he developed a distinguished reputation.

He printed books and broadsides that are in themselves small works of art, often stunning in their simplicity and elegance.

He printed books off and on for close to fifty years, and today they are much sought after by those who love fine printing, collectors, and dealers in rare books.

After moving to a beautiful Greek Revival farmhouse in Pawlet, Vermont, in 1948 Fredericks began to write plays, more than a dozen over the next thirty years.

Many received New York productions; several others were left unfinished.

His three most successful plays were performed off-Broadway in the 1950s and 1960s.

Julian Beck and Judith Malina at The Living Theatre produced Fredericks' The Idiot King in 1954, and the Artists Theatre, directed by Herbert Machiz and John Bernard Myers, produced On Circe's Island and A Summer Ghost in 1961.

In 1959, the Living Theater presented Luigi Pirandello's Tonight We Improvise in a translation by Fredericks.

He was a professor of literature at Bennington College in Vermont for more than 30 years, from 1961 to 1992.

In 1961 Fredericks began to teach at Bennington College, famous for the non-traditional, even radical, liberal-arts education it offered its students.

In 1962, writing in the New York Times, Arthur Gelb panned a production of On Circe's Island and The Summer Ghost, presented together under the title Charlatans: "the two plays talk themselves into a kind of numbing dullness."

He called them "the longest short plays to visit Off Broadway in many a balmy April."

In 1965, A Summer Ghost appeared in the first volume of New American Plays, edited by Robert Corrigan, and The Bennington Review included On Circe’s Island in its issue for the winter of 1969.

In the January 1979 issue of Fine Print, he summarized his intentions as a printer:

"...to expunge from the idea of craftsmanship much that is precious, self-asserting, and merely silly, and to get free of all such ideas of 'fine printing', 'art', and 'design'; to print—by hand of course—the classics of our literature with integrity, simplicity, and skill, and with the best materials available; to make new and immediate those texts that endure but that in the passage of time inevitably grow tarnished and deserve in every new generation to be translated and to be printed still again. This means, of course, conceiving them anew in the language of one’s own time—but with neither eccentricity, self-expressiveness, nor a radical break with whatever subtle tradition is present—not designing them, but letting their beauty arise inevitably and uniquely from the flawless skill of true craftsmanship, from the very making of the book itself."

The Banyan Press catalog is far-ranging and consists largely of unpublished works, printed by hand in limited editions, by well-known writers such as Gertrude Stein, Wallace Stevens, Richard Eberhart, Stephen Spender, Osbert Sitwell, André Gide, Florine Stettheimer, James Merrill, Robert Duncan, John Berryman, Thomas Merton, Bernard Malamud, Charles Simic, as well as works by John Donne, Thomas Traherne, William Blake, Meister Eckhart, Francis of Assisi, and other writers from earlier centuries.

Many university libraries and public libraries, including the Rare Book Room of The New York Public Library, have extensive collections of the large output that Fredericks produced over his 50 years as a printer.

Complete runs are at the Fales Library at New York University and also at the Research Institute of the Getty Center in Los Angeles.

There was a large exhibition of Fredericks's entire production on display at The Fales Library in 1985.

In his introduction to the exhibition, Frank Walker, Curator at The Fales, wrote: “The Banyan Press is one of the finest of 20th Century small presses in the classic purity of its design, the quality of its execution, and the excellence of the work it chose to publish."

The Idiot King was not published until 2012, when it appeared alongside A Summer Ghost and On Circe’s Island in a volume entitled Three Plays.