C. Vann Woodward

Following the Compromise of 1877, into the 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed "forgotten alternatives" in others.

Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press as multivolume history of the South.

It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and decline.

He insisted on the discontinuity of the era and rejected both the romantic antebellum popular images of the Lost Cause school and the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed.

Sheldon Hackney, a Woodward student, hailed the book.

C. Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale, Arkansas, a town named after his mother's family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903.

It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas.

Woodward attended high school in Morrilton, Arkansas.

He attended Henderson-Brown College, a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia, for two years.

He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson, who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment, banks, railroads and businessmen.

Finally the 1890s saw white southerners "capitulate to racism" to create "legally prescribed, rigidly enforced, state-wide Jim Crowism."

Comer Vann Woodward (November 13, 1908 – December 17, 1999) was an American historian who focused primarily on the American South and race relations.

He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A. Beard, stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics.

Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party, but this time was the leader in mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks, and a promoter of lynching.

Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s.

In 1930, he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology.

After graduating, he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta.

There he met Will W. Alexander, head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and J. Saunders Redding, a historian at Atlanta University.

Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A. from that institution in 1932.

In New York, Woodward met, and was influenced by, W. E. B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes, and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement.

After receiving his master's degree in 1932, Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon, a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities.

He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932.

He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina.

He was granted a Ph.D. in history in 1937, using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E. Watson.

Woodward's dissertation director was Howard K. Beale, a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor.

In World War II, Woodward served in the Navy, assigned to write the history of major battles.

His The Battle for Leyte Gulf (1947) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history.

Woodward, starting out on the left politically, wanted to use history to explore dissent.

He approached W. E. B. Du Bois about writing about him, and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V. Debs.

By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights.

It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Jim Crow laws, Woodward argued, were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction; they came later and were not inevitable.

After the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, in spring 1954, Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia.

Woodward's most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955), which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable.

The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow.

Woodward was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958 and the American Philosophical Society in 1959.

After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s, he moved to the right politically.

He won a Pulitzer Prize for History for his annotated edition of Mary Chestnut's Civil War diaries.

With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery, Alabama, in March 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. proclaimed the book "the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement."

His book The Strange Career of Jim Crow, which demonstrated that racial segregation was an invention of the late 19th century rather than an inevitable post-Civil-War development, was endorsed by Martin Luther King Jr. as "the historical Bible of the civil rights movement".