Ben Enwonwu

Odinigwe Benedict Chukwukadibia Enwonwu MBE (14 July 1917 – 5 February 1994), better known as Ben Enwonwu, was a Nigerian painter and sculptor.

Arguably the most influential African artist of the 20th century, his pioneering career opened the way for the postcolonial proliferation and increased visibility of modern African art.

He was one of the first African artists to win critical acclaim, having exhibited in august exhibition spaces in Europe and the United States and listed in international directories of contemporary art.

Ben Enwonwu was born a twin on 14 July 1917 into the noble family of Umueze-Aroli in Onitsha, Nigeria.

His father, Omenka Odigwe Emeka Enwonwu, was a technician who worked with the Royal Niger Company.

He was also a member of the Onitsha Council of Chiefs and a traditional sculptor of repute, who created staffs of office, stools, decorative doors and religious images.

His mother, Chinyelugo Iyom Nweze, was a successful cloth merchant.

Upon his father's death in 1921, Enwonwu inherited his tools, going on to perfect the art of carving in the style of indigenous Igbo sculpture, begun earlier with his father, who first nurtured his precocious talent.

Between 1921 and 1931, Enwonwu attended five primary schools: St. Joseph's Elementary School, Onitsha (1926–28); St, Theresa's Elementary School, Umuahia (1928–29); St. Mary's Primary School, Port Harcourt (1929–30); Holy TrinIbity Primary; and St. Mary's Primary School, both in Onitsha (1930–31).

In 1933, Enwonwu attended St. Patrick's School, Ibusa, and later enrolled at the Government College, Ibadan, completing his secondary education at Government College Umuahia in 1937.

At both colleges, he studied fine art under Kenneth C. Murray.

Murray was an education officer in charge of art education in the colonial civil service and later director of antiquities.

During their time together, Enwonwu became Murray's assistant and was recognised as one of the most gifted and technically proficient students of the "Murray Group" (Ben C. Enwonwu, C. C. Ibeto, D.L. Nnachy, M. Teze and A. P. Umana).

The period of study under Murray marked the beginning of Enwonwu's formal education in art.

In 1937, Murray exhibited Enwonwu's work at the Zwemmer Gallery in London In 1969, he received an honorary doctorate degree from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

After working with Murray for many years, Enwonwu was hired as a teacher at the Government College of Umuahia.

According to Sylvester Ogbechie, author of Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist, Murray was displeased with the university's choice to provide Enwonwu with the same salary as the other seasoned teachers.

This created a rift between both men.

Eventually Murray left Government College and Enwonwu replaced him as art teacher.

He continued his work as an art teacher in other various schools, including mission school in Calabar Province (1940–41), and Edo College, Benin City (1941–43).

In 1944, under a joint Shell Petroleum Company and British Council scholarship, he attended the prestigious Slade School of Fine Art, University College, London, and in 1945, the Ruskin School, Ashmolean, Oxford University, where the Slade had been relocated during World War II.

In 1947, he received a first-class diploma in fine art from the Slade and registered for postgraduate work in anthropology (with a focus on West African ethnography) at the University of London.

In 1948, Enwonwu completed his studies.

Nkiru Nzegwu states that the racist atmosphere he encountered during his stay in England sparked his interest in entering this programme.

Anthropology offered a space for the scientific study of the races, their physical and mental characteristics, customs, and social relationships.

He was art adviser to the Nigerian government from 1948.

From 1949 to 1954, Enwonwu held many art exhibitions within London, Lagos, Milan, New York City, Washington D.C., and Boston.

Since 1950, Enwonwu was celebrated as "Africa's Greatest Artist" by the international media and his fame was used to enlist support for Black Nationalists movement all over the world.

The Enwonwu crater on the planet Mercury is named in his honour.

During the years following 1950, he toured and lectured in the United States, and executed many commissions as a freelance artist.

In 1951, he met with the founding members of the Lagos auxiliary to the Anti Slavery and Aborigines Right Society, which was at that time headed by Candido Da Rocha, and had James Johnson, Samuel Pearse, and Sapara Williams as members.

and became their official art illustrator.

In the course of her 1956 visit to Nigeria, Queen Elizabeth II commissioned and sat for a portrait sculpture by Enwonwu.

At the Royal Society of British Artists exhibition in London of 1957, he unveiled the bronze sculpture.

Enwonwu executed portraits of Nigerians as private commissions, and illustrated Amos Tutuola's 1958 novel The Brave African Huntress.

In 1959, Enwonwu was appointed Supervisor in the Information Service Department office in Nigeria.

He was a fellow of Lagos University (1966–68), cultural advisor to the Nigeria government (1968–71), and visiting artist at the Institute of African Studies at Howard University, Washington, DC, in 1971.

He was appointed the first professor of Fine Arts at the University of Ife, Ile-Ife, from 1971 to 1975.

He was also art consultant to the International Secretariat, Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) in Lagos of 1977.

The President of Nigeria, Shehu Shagari, presented a small sculpture of Enwonwu's Anywanu, a representation of the Igbo earth goddess Ani, to Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on the occasion of his state visit to the United Kingdom in 1981.