Avraham Stern

Avraham Stern (אברהם שטרן, Avraham Shtern; December 23, 1907 – February 12, 1942), alias Yair (יאיר), was one of the leaders of the Jewish paramilitary organization Irgun.

At the age of 18, in 1925, Stern emigrated on his own to Mandatory Palestine.

Stern studied at the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem.

He specialized in Classical languages and literature (Greek and Latin).

His first political involvement was to found a student organization called "Hulda", whose regulations stated it was dedicated "solely to the revival of the Hebrew nation in a new state."

During the 1929 riots in Palestine, Jewish communities came under attack by local Arabs, and Stern served with the Haganah, doing guard duty on a synagogue rooftop in Jerusalem's Old City.

Stern's commander and friend Avraham Tehomi quit the Haganah because it was under the authority of the local labor movement and union.

Hoping to create an independent army, and also to take a more active and less defensive military position, Tehomi founded the Irgun Zvai Leumi ("National Military Organization" known for short as the "Organization").

Stern spent the rest of the 1930s traveling back and forth to Eastern Europe to organize revolutionary cells in Poland and promote immigration of Jews to Palestine in defiance of British restrictions (this was therefore known as "illegal immigration").

Stern developed a plan to train 40,000 young Jews to sail for Palestine and take over the country from the British colonial authorities.

He succeeded in enlisting the Polish government in this effort.

The Poles began training Irgun members and arms were set aside, but then Germany invaded Poland and began the Second World War.

This ended the training, and immigration routes were cut off.

Stern was in Palestine at the time and was arrested the same night the war began.

He was incarcerated together with the entire High Command of the Irgun in the Jerusalem Central Prison and Sarafand Detention Camp.

While under arrest, Stern and the other members of the Irgun argued about what to do during the war.

Stern joined the Irgun and completed an officer's course in 1932.

During his life, Stern wrote dozens of poems embodying a physical, almost sensual, love for the Jewish homeland and a similar attitude towards martyrdom on its behalf.

One analyst referred to the poems as expressing the eroticism of death together with de-eroticism of women.

Stern's poetry was heavily influenced by Russian and Polish poetry, especially works by Vladimir Mayakovsky.

His song Unknown Soldiers was adopted first by the Irgun and later by the Lehi as an underground anthem.

In it Stern sang of Jews who would not be drafted by other countries while they wandered in Exile from their own country, but rather who would enlist in a volunteer army of their own, go underground and die fighting in the streets, only to be buried secretly at night.

One of the commanders of Lehi, Israel Eldad, claimed this song (along with two others, written by Uri Zvi Greenberg and Vladimir Jabotinsky) actually led to the creation of the underground.

In other poems from the same period, up to eight years before he founded the Lehi underground, Stern detailed the feelings of revolutionaries hiding in basements or sitting in prison and wrote of dying in a hail of bullets.

One example of his poetry is: "You are betrothed to me, my homeland / According to all the laws of Moses and Israel… / And with my death I will bury my head in your lap / And you will live forever in my blood."

Stern became one of the university's foremost students.

He was awarded a stipend to study for a doctorate in Florence, Italy.

Avraham Tehomi made a special trip to Florence to recall him, in order to make him his deputy in the Irgun.

In September 1940, he founded a breakaway militant Zionist group named Lehi, called the "Stern Gang" by the British authorities and by the mainstream in the Yishuv Jewish establishment.

The group referred to its members as terrorists and admitted to having carried out terrorist attacks.

Stern's legacy is controversial due to his organization unsuccessfully attempting to form an alliance with Nazi Germany against the British during World War II.

Following his release in August 1940, he founded Lehi in August 1940, initially under a different name, it adopted the name Lehi, a Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, meaning Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, in September 1940.

The movement was formed after Stern and others split from the Irgun when the latter adopted the Haganah's policy of supporting the British in their fight against the Nazis.

Stern rejected cooperation with the British and claimed that only a continuing struggle against them would eventually lead to an independent Jewish state and resolve the Jewish situation in the Diaspora.

He was captured and killed by British colonial police in 1942.

Stern was born in Suwałki, present-day Poland (then part of the Russian Empire).

During the First World War his mother fled the Germans with him and his brother David.

They found refuge with her sister in Russia.

When he was separated from his mother the 13-year-old Avraham earned his keep by carrying river water in Siberia.

Eventually, he stayed with an uncle in St. Petersburg before walking home to Poland.