Askar Akayev

Askar Akayevich Akayev (Аскар Акаевич (Акай уулу) Акаев; ; born 10 November 1944) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until being overthrown in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution.

Akayev was born in Kyzyl-Bayrak, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.

He was the eldest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers.

He became a metalworker at a local factory in 1961.

He subsequently moved to Leningrad, where he trained as a physicist and graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics in 1967 with an honors degree in mathematics, engineering and computer science.

In Leningrad he met and in 1970 married Mayram Akayeva with whom he now has two sons and two daughters.

He stayed at the institute until 1976, working as a senior researcher and teacher.

They returned to their native Kyrgyzstan in 1977, where he became a senior professor at the Frunze Polytechnic Institute.

Some of his later cabinet members were former students and friends from his academic years.

In accordance with the Kirghiz SSR's constitution of 1978, both candidates were disqualified and neither could run in the second round of voting.

Two days later, on 27 October, the Supreme Soviet selected Akayev who was effectively a compromise candidate to serve as the republic's first president.

He obtained a doctorate in 1981 from the Moscow Institute of Engineering and Physics, having written his dissertation on holographic systems of storage and transformation of information.

In 1984, he became a member of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, rose to vice president of the academy in 1987 and then president of the academy in 1989.

He was elected as a deputy in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the same year.

On 25 October 1990, the Kirghiz SSR's Supreme Soviet held elections for the newly created post of president of the republic.

Two candidates contested the presidency, President of the Council of Ministers of Kirghiz SSR, Apas Jumagulov, and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kirghiz SSR, Absamat Masaliyev.

However, neither Jumagulov nor Masaliyev received a majority of the votes cast.

In 1991, he was offered the post of vice-president of the Soviet Union by President Mikhail Gorbachev, but refused.

Akayev was elected president of the renamed Republic of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll on 12 October 1991.

He commented in a 1991 interview that "Although I am a Communist, my basic attitude toward private property is favorable. I believe that the revolution in the sphere of economics was not made by Karl Marx but by Adam Smith."

In October 1991, he appointed Boris Birshtein, who is associated with the Zürich based Seabeco AG, as president of the country's committee for reconstruction and development as well as the country's trade representative and ensured that the Kirgiz branch of Seabeco would operate free of taxes.

As late as 1993 political analysts saw Akayev as a "prodemocratic physicist."

He actively promoted privatization of land and other economic assets and operated a relatively liberal regime compared with the governments of the other Central Asian nations.

He was reelected twice, amid allegations of ballot rigging, on 24 December 1995 and 29 October 2000.

Akayev was initially seen as an economically right-wing liberal leader.

The first wave of demonstrations took place in mid-March 2002.

Azimbek Beknazarov, a member of parliament accused of abuse of power, was due to attend trial taking place in Jalal-Abad.

Over 2,000 demonstrators marched on the town where the proceedings were to take place.

According to eyewitnesses, police ordered the demonstrators to stop and gave them fifteen minutes to disperse, yet opened fire before this time elapsed.

Five men were shot dead; another was killed on the next day.

61 people were injured, including 47 police and 14 civilians.

Riot police clashed with protesters in Bishkek in May during demonstrations in support of Beknazarov.

Police in the capital's Parliament square kicked protesters and dragged people away to break up the 200-strong crowd.

They made several demands including the resignation of Akayev.

This was again repeated in November of the same year when scores were arrested as the opposition marched on the capital.

Protests continued, albeit on a smaller scale, at various points over the next few years.

He was granted lifelong immunity from prosecution by the Lower House of Parliament in 2003.

Akayev was supportive of the Kyrgyzstani Neo-Tengrist movement.

Akayev had promised to step down from office when his third term expired in 2005, but the possibility of a dynastical succession had been raised.

His son Aidar Akayev and his daughter Bermet Akayeva were candidates in the 2005 legislative election, and it was widely suspected that he was going to retain either de facto power by arranging for the election of a close supporter or relative, or perhaps even by abrogation of the term limit provision in the constitution and remaining in power personally, an allegation which he strongly denied.