André Hue

André Hunter Alfred Hue (7 December 1923 – 11 January 2005) was an Anglo-French businessman, soldier and spy best remembered for his work as an operative with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in France and Burma during World War II.

Hue was born in Swansea, Wales to a French father and Welsh mother.

Hue's father, also named André, was a World War I veteran who had been badly wounded, having taken a bullet in his head, which remained there until his early death in 1938.

The elder Hue served as an officer in the French merchant marine who worked on a ship taking coal from Swansea to La Havre while his wife Caroline Hunter did not speak French, but insisted their children be brought up knowing French.

Fluent in both English and French, Hue grew up in Le Havre.

Without a father to support him, Hue was working as a sailor in the French merchant marine by 1939.

On 17 June 1940, the SS Champlain, the ship Hue was working on as a purser struck a mine off La Rochelle and sank, forcing Hue who was taking a shower at the time to swim ashore naked.

Without a family in France, Hue ended up working as a railroad clerk in the town of Guer in Brittany, where he was recruited into the French Resistance by François Vallée of the SOE "Parson" circuit.

Hue knew Vallée only by his codename Oscar.

The railroad station at Guer was a key transport point for supplying German troops in north western France.

Hue provided information about the railroad time tables so the Royal Air Force could target trains carrying German troops and supplies.

Vallée advised Hue against committing sabotage, warning that too many innocent people would die if the Germans discovered sabotage.

Afterwards, Hue become involved in smuggling Allied airmen shot down over France.

When Hue insisted on forming a group of his own committed to sabotage, someone talked of his plans, and an order for his arrest was issued.

Having proved his courage and his trustworthiness, Hue was asked if he would like to become a SOE agent himself.

In February 1944 he crossed the English Channel to Britain, so he could join the SOE.

Hue crossed the Channel in MGB 502.

Hue's training reports called him "a very active, energetic, enthusiastic man with a reasonably stable personality, although inclined to excitement at times".

Hue was given the rank of acting captain just before Operation Overlord.

After passing courses that taught him combat, sabotage and parachuting, Hue parachuted into France on the night of 5 June 1944 together with a number of men from the French Special Air Service (SAS) regiment.

The 3rd and 4th Battalions of the SAS in 1944 were all French.

On 6 June 1944, the Allies began Operation Overlord, the liberation of France, by landing in Normandy and Hue's task in Brittany were to keep the German forces there preoccupied.

Much to his surprise, Hue found himself having to dodge Cossacks that were patrolling in the countryside.

The Cossacks were from the Ostlegionen (Eastern Legions) of the Wehrmacht as Soviet POWs who joined the German Army were known.

In 1944, owing to heavy losses, about one-fifth of the Wehrmacht forces in France were the Ostlegionen.

Hue during his jump had become separated from his men, and it would require an entire night of walking before he was to join up with them.

Hue described the Cossacks as ruthless opponents who despite riding horses moved very swiftly across the Breton countryside, and were equally adept at firing their guns while mounted and with using their shashkas (the distinctive sword used by the Cossacks that could easily smash a head with one blow).

There were four German divisions stationed in Brittany, and Hue's orders were to organise the marquis to stage guerrilla attacks and to destroy communications such as railroads and roads in order to keep the four enemy divisions in Brittany from joining the rest in Normandy.

The total Les Forces Francaises de l'Interieur in Brittany numbered about 20,000 lightly armed guerrillas.

As a SOE agent, Hue's tasks were to ensure the delivery of supplies from the SOE to the maquis and to co-ordinate operations between the French SAS team and the resistance.

Hue who was attached to the Hillbilly circuit (network) in Brittany later remembered that arranging supply drops to the resistance took up most of his time while attempting to evade the Wehrmacht, the SS and the Milice.

This was highly dangerous work, and Hue was frequently involved in fighting with the German forces, during which he showed great courage, resourcefulness, and an ability to keep calm.

Hue later recalled of the disconnect between being in the "glorious French countryside" in June and having to face death constantly.

The British historian Max Hastings in review of Hue's memoir The Next Moon wrote: "The Germans reacted with their usual energy, especially in Brittany where the SAS were relatively close to the fighting front. The civilian population suffered terribly, both in the fighting and from subsequent reprisals. Maquisards with Sten guns, even supported by a few paratroopers, were hopelessly outmatched by enemy forces with vehicles and heavy weapons. Hue and most of his comrades spent much of their time in France running away from the Germans, not because they were cowardly, but because this was the only realistic option. They had been thrown into an almighty mess."

Hue's base was at farmhouse outside of Saint Marcel, where Hue had planes from Britain land during the night to bring in supplies.

Hue noted in his book The Next Moon that he feared the Milice much more than the Germans because the Milice being French could always notice anybody whose accent did not sound entirely French and the regional accents; Hue's Norman French stood out in Brittany.

Hue wrote he been selected for this job because "The men they wanted to organise and coordinate this phase of the war had to be from that rare breed, Englishmen who spoke French as their primary language."

On one occasion, the Germans captured and shot 5 SAS men together with 17 French civilians while Hue was only 50 yards away and on another occasion, Hue was trapped in a barn which was set on fire by the Germans, and from which he managed to escape.

Unlike the SAS, Hue wore civilian clothes and had to be careful not to be seen talking to the SAS too much in public.

Hue also noted the grim moral arithmetic of his work, as the more attacks he staged against German forces, the more innocent French civilians were shot in reprisal.