Alan Shapley

Lieutenant General Alan Shapley ( Alan Herreshoff; February 9, 1903 – May 13, 1973) was a United States Marine Corps officer who survived the sinking of the USS Arizona (BB-39) during the World War II attack on Pearl Harbor, and went on to serve with distinction in the Pacific Theater and later in the Korean War.

Alan Shapley was born on February 9, 1903, in Manhattan, New York, to Charles Frederick Herreshoff II (1876–1954) and Elizabeth Harrison McCormick (1886–1938).

His mother divorced his father August 1, 1912, in Philadelphia, and – on November 6, 1912, on Mare Island, California – married Lloyd Stowell Shapley (1875–1959), a naval officer, who, among other things, went on to serve as the 26th Naval Governor of Guam, from April 7, 1926, to June 11, 1929.

Alan's early schooling was in Vallejo, California.

He was graduated from the Peddie School at Hightstown, New Jersey, in 1922.

He then entered the Naval Academy, where he was a star football player.

He coached and played on the All-Marine Corps football teams of 1927 and 1928, refereed U.S. Fleet boxing events for three years, and coached or participated in football, basketball, baseball and boxing at most of his duty stations before World War II.

He graduated from the Academy on June 2, 1927, receiving his commission as a Marine second lieutenant.

After further training at the academy, duty at Quantico, Virginia, and completion of the Marine officers' Basic School at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Lieutenant Shapley sailed for Hawaii in January 1929 to begin almost three years of duty at the Marine Barracks, Pearl Harbor.

He returned to the United States in October 1931, and served in various capacities at San Diego, California, before taking command of the Marine Detachment aboard the USS San Francisco in January 1934.

He was promoted to first lieutenant that same month.

Detached from the San Francisco in June 1936, he returned to Quantico where he served as aide-de-camp to the commanding general of the Marine barracks.

He was promoted to captain in July 1936.

In June 1937, Captain Shapley entered the Junior Course of the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico.

He completed the course in May 1938, and was ordered to San Francisco, California, as aide-de-camp to the commanding general, Department of the Pacific.

After serving in that capacity until July 1939, he served as Operations, Training and Intelligence Officer of the Department of the Pacific until May 1940.

A month later he departed for Hawaii where he took command of the Marine detachment on the USS Arizona.

He was awarded the Silver Star for his gallantry on December 7, 1941, and later the Navy Cross for his extraordinary heroism during the Battle of Guam.

His last command was as the commanding general of the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific.

Shapley, who competed in football, basketball and track at the United States Naval Academy, was active in athletics throughout his career.

He was promoted to major in August 1941.

On December 7, 1941, Major Shapley was the senior marine on board the USS Arizona (BB-39) in Pearl Harbor.

The previous day, he had been relieved as detachment commander, but had stayed on the ship to play on the ship's baseball team's scheduled game against the Enterprise team.

When a torpedo hit the port bow of the Arizona, Shapley was thrown from the foremast at least 100 feet through the air into the water; he was able to swim to Ford Island and to rescue two shipmates along the way.

He was one of eight Marine Corps survivors from the Arizona, becoming the ranking Marine Corps officer in the Pacific at the time.

For his gallantry on that day, he was awarded the Silver Star.

Two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Shapley sailed for San Diego to become personnel officer to the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet.

He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1942.

Lieutenant Colonel Shapley assumed a similar post with I Marine Amphibious Corps in October 1942, and that same month he sailed with the 1st Corps for the Pacific area.

Shapley was the commanding officer of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion from March 22, 1943, to August 30, 1943.

He then commanded the 2nd Marine Raider Regiment (Provisional), which included the 2nd Raider Battalion, in the fighting at Bougainville, earning the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for outstanding service at Bougainville in November 1943.

After the Bougainville campaign, Shapley organized the new Fourth Marines from the disbanded Raider battalions, which he commanded at Emirau, Guam, and Okinawa.

Shapley was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism as a lieutenant colonel, commanding the Fourth Marines (Reinforced) on Guam from July 21 to August 10, 1944.

His Navy Cross citation states in part:

"Courageously leading his regiment in an assault landing against strong enemy beach defenses, Lieutenant Colonel Shapely rapidly seized the assigned beachhead and defended the area against fanatical hostile counterattacks. Upon relief of the force beachhead line, he valiantly led his troops in a determined assault upon the left half of the Orote Peninsula and, despite the difficult terrain and strong enemy defenses, seized an important enemy airfield and annihilated the Japanese in that area. Vigorously patrolling in the southern half of the island to eliminate hostile elements there, he then directed his men in the vital attack on the northern half of the island…"

During the Battle of Okinawa, Colonel Shapley lead the 4th Marines in the capture of Naha airfield.

He was promoted to colonel in November 1944.

He was awarded a second Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for outstanding service at Okinawa from April to June 1945.

Following the Okinawa campaign, Colonel Shapley has been relieved by Lt. Col. Fred D. Beans and ordered back to the United States in July 1945 to become Assistant Inspector in the Inspection Division at Marine Corps Headquarters, Washington, D.C. In that capacity, he accompanied Admiral William F. Halsey on an official goodwill tour of Central and South America from June to August 1946, receiving decorations from Chile and Peru during that assignment.

In September he entered the National War College in Washington.