Abdulrazak Eid

Abdulrazak Eid, Abdul razzak Eid, Abdul Razaq Eid, Abdel razzak Eid, Abdul Razzaq Eid, or Abd al Razzaq 'Id (Arabic:عبد الرزاق عيد; born September 10, 1950) is a Syrian writer and thinker and one of Syria's leading reformers.

He helped to found the Committees of Civil Society in Syria, drafted the Statement of 1000 and helped to draft the Damascus Declaration.

Because of his opposition writings and political actions, he was arrested many times in Syria, banned from working and traveling, kidnapped by the Syrian intelligence forces, and was threatened with being assassinated.

Eid was born on September 10, 1950, in the small city of Ariha, Syria, where he spent the first five years of his childhood before moving with his family to Aleppo.

He finished his undergraduate studies in Arabic Literature at Aleppo University in 1974.

In 1978, he traveled to France to continue his studies, where he received a diploma in Modern Literary Criticism from the Sorbonne (Paris III) on June 29, 1981.

In 1983 he obtained a PhD in the same field in the Islamic studies department at the Sorbonne.

After obtaining his PhD, Eid returned to Syria to teach at Aleppo University, where he taught Modern Literature in the Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences in 1983.

He was expelled by the Syrian Intelligence Security Forces Mukhabarat after 2 months for political reasons.

He was banned from any professional work for most of his life because of his opposing political opinions.

He worked as a full-time researcher in the Palestinian Institute of "Ibal 1989–1992", where he helped to publish its Journal Kadaya wa Shahadat and published one of his books in the same institute.

He taught in the Faculty of Education, Arts and Sciences in Aden University, Yemen, in the academic years 1991–1994.

Eid spent most of his time reading and writing books.

He has published more than 30 books and written and published many research articles.

Eid's main studies were in critiquing novels, so he wrote books about critiquing Arab and Syrian novels.

Yet his major work is in sociology, philosophy, and Islamic philosophy.

His book The crisis of Enlightenment is considered by many Arabic writers as one of the important books in Arabic enlightenment library.

From 1999 to 2010 he worked on critiquing the Islamic mentality and wrote two books under the title The Custodians of the Delusion Temples / Critic of the doctrinal mentality, in which he discussed and critiqued the work of two of the most influential Islamic clerics, Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti and Yusuf al-Qaradawi.

Eid has been an opponent of the Syrian government all of his life.

He was banned from working, arrested many times, tried by the Military Court for his articles, kidnapped and threatened with assassination because of his opposing positions and writings.

His main political activity started in 2000, after the death of Hafez Assad, when he joined with 98 other Syrian intellectuals in issuing a statement called the Statement of 99, calling for democratic reform in Syria.

In 2001, he and a number of Syrian writers, thinkers and intellectuals founded the Committees of Civil Society in Syria by issuing the Statement of 1000, which he had drafted, calling for reform and democracy in Syria.

It was so named because 1000 Syrian intellectuals signed it.

During this period, known as the Damascus Spring, Eid helped to establish many cultural forums around Syria.

One of the most recognized was the Jamal al-Atassi Forum in Damascus, where Eid delivered its first lecture, entitled "The Culture of Fear".

This democratic movement was brought to an end by closing all the forums and arresting 12 opponents, who were sentenced to prison for 5–12 years.

For four years, Eid wrote from time to time in the An-Nahar newspaper, which became the main publisher of his critical and opposition articles.

These articles were published later in his book Questions about the Civil Society.

In the period between November 15, 2002, and January 15, 2003, Eid was invited by the French Ministry of Higher Education to conduct scientific research at the Sorbonne.

This invitation came after huge media attacks against him because of one of his articles in the An-Nahar newspaper of August 23, 2002.

A member of the Syrian parliament called for Eid to be prosecuted for treason, claiming that Eid has called for international intervention in Syria similar to the one in Iraq.

He was brought in front of the Military Court in Aleppo in June 2004 because of them.

In 2005, The Goethe Institute was forced to cancel a lecture by Eid on aspects of Germany's Iraq Policy.

According to a German diplomat, Eid's presentation made heavy use of veiled language about the Iraqi Ba'ath Party to criticize the Syrian Ba'ath Party.

The same year and after the assassination of Rafic Hariri, Eid and other Syrian intellectuals and human rights activists urged withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon

Eid was kidnapped by the Mukhbarat in the street at midnight on February 8, 2007, because of an article in As-Safir newspaper in which he criticized Hezbollah and its alliance with Syria and Iran.

He was freed the next day after they threatened to cut out his tongue if he spoke against Hezbollah again.

Later the same year he was banned from traveling to France for medication after being diagnosed with prostate cancer.

He was finally allowed to travel after a major two-month support campaign.

He fled Syria in 2008 for exile in Europe where he was elected president of the National Council of Damascus Declaration in exile.