Abdul Halim of Kedah

Born at Istana Anak Bukit near Alor Setar as Tunku Abdul Halim ibni Tunku Badlishah, he was the second, but eldest surviving son, of Sultan Badlishah (1894–1958; reigned 1943–1958), who later became the 28th Sultan of Kedah.

Of Malay and Thai descent, his mother was the Kedah-born princess Tunku Sofiah binti Tunku Mahmud (born 29 April 1899), who died in an automobile accident on 28 February 1934.

Abdul Halim's maternal grandfather, Tunku Mahmud, was once Raja Muda (heir presumptive) to the throne of Kedah.

Al-Mu’tassimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah (Jawi: المرحوم السلطان المعتصم بالله محب الدين توانکو الحاج عبدالحليم معظم شاه ابن المرحوم سلطان بدلي شاه; 28 November 1927 – 11 September 2017) was the 28th Sultan of Kedah from 1958 until his death in 2017, the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1970 to 1975, and again as the fourteenth from 2011 to 2016.

He was the first and only ruler to reign as Yang di-Pertuan Agong twice, as well as the oldest elected to the office.

Immediately prior to his death, he was the second longest-reigning living monarch in the world after Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

He was educated at Alor Merah and Titi Gajah Malay schools and Sultan Abdul Hamid College in Alor Star between 1946 and 1948.

He went on to Wadham College, Oxford and obtained a Diploma in Social Science and Public Administration.

He subsequently joined the Kedah Administrative Service, serving in the Alor Star district office and later, the state treasury.

On 6 August 1949, Tuanku Abdul Halim was appointed Raja Muda or heir apparent, and acceded as the twenty-eighth Sultan of Kedah on his father's death on 14 July 1958.

1. Sultanah Bahiyah, the daughter of Tuanku Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, married 1956.

She served as Sultanah of Kedah (1958–2003) and Raja Permaisuri Agong (1970–1975).

He was installed at the Balai Besar, Kota Star Palace in Alor Star on 20 February 1959, in a ceremony not held since 1710.

On 3 May 1960, they also adopted the twin daughters of his eldest sister, Tunku Hamidah, before the birth of their only child:

Through Tunku Soraya, who married Raja Iskandar Dzurkarnain, the son of Almarhum Sultan Idris Shah II and the Raja Di-Hilir of Perak (the second heir apparent of Perak), they gave him three grandsons and two granddaughters:

Tuanku Abdul Halim served as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 21 September 1965 to 20 September 1970.

In July 1970, Tuanku Abdul Halim was elected as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and served his term in office from 21 September 1970 to 20 September 1975.

He was the third youngest monarch to ascend the throne of Yang di-Pertuan Agong after Tuanku Syed Putra of Perlis and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu.

During his kingship, Tuanku Abdul Halim presided over the first transfer of power of the civilian government when his uncle, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman resigned in favour of his deputy Tun Abdul Razak.

Tunku Abdul Rahman had felt that he should not serve under a nephew, given strict Malay royal protocol, but agreed to stay on as prime minister for one day of Tuanku Abdul Halim's reign.

2. Sultanah Haminah, married in 1975.

Tuanku Abdul Halim celebrated his silver jubilee on 15 July 1983 with his royal consort, Sultanah Bahiyah.

To commemorate this occasion the Kedah government opened Jubli Perak Park at Sungai Petani, Kedah's second largest town.

She died on 26 August 2003 at Istana Kuala Cegar in Alor Star.

They had only daughter:

A commoner from Perak, she was titled Che Puan Kedah until 9 January 2004 when she was installed as Sultanah.

On 2 November 2006, Tuanku Abdul Halim was elected for the second time to serve a five-year term as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

He was the first person to have been elected to this office twice.

On 15 July 2008, Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah celebrated his Golden Jubilee as the Sultan of Kedah.

He was only the fourth sultan in a line of 28 who reigned in Kedah for at least 50 years.

In conjunction with the Golden Jubilee, 15 July 2008 was declared as a public holiday for the state of Kedah.

A ceremony of handing over the contributions in conjunction with the Golden Jubilee was held at the Istana Anak Bukit on 6 July 2008 by Kedah Chief Minister Azizan Abdul Razak.

Throughout the week of the Golden Jubilee, various events were held to commemorate the Sultan.

In October 2011, Abdul Halim was elected to a second term as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which commenced on 13 December 2011.

He was the first and only regnant sultan to hold the position twice.

He was also the oldest Malay Ruler to be installed as Yang di-Pertuan Agong at 84 years and 15 days old, surpassing the previous record holder, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz of Selangor, who was installed at 73 years and 49 days old.

He was installed on 11 April 2012 at Istana Negara.

During his tenure as Yang Di Pertuan Agong, a Council of Regency consisting of his brothers Tunku Annuar (d. May 2014), Tunku Sallehuddin, Tunku Abdul Hamid Thani, and daughter Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz was assigned to discharge Abdul Halim's duties as Sultan of Kedah.

His tenure as Yang Di Pertuan Agong ended on 12 December 2016.

Tuanku Abdul Halim had two wives: