Albert Shanker

Albert Shanker (September 14, 1928 – February 22, 1997) was president of the United Federation of Teachers from 1964 to 1985 and president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997.

Shanker was born on Manhattan's Lower East Side in New York City to a Russian Jewish immigrant family.

As a toddler, his family moved to the Long Island City district in Queens.

His parents, Mamie and Morris Shanker, were immigrants from Poland.

Both were union members; his father was a union newspaper deliveryman, and his mother, who operated a sewing-machine in a knitting factory, was a member of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.

The Shanker family's deeply held political views were staunchly pro-union, following the socialism of Norman Thomas and including ardent support of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal.

The experience of watching his mother work 70-hour weeks convinced Shanker from an early age that there was a need for societal changes.

Shanker read several newspapers daily as a young boy, with an interest in philosophy.

His idols were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Clarence Darrow, civil rights leader Bayard Rustin and American philosopher Sidney Hook.

In 1946, Shanker graduated from Stuyvesant High School, where he was the head of the debate team.

Thereafter, he majored in philosophy at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

He joined the Congress of Racial Equality.

Shanker picketed segregated movie theaters and restaurants and was a member of the Young People's Socialist League and chairman of the Socialist Study Club.

In 1949, he graduated with honors and began graduate studies at Columbia University, where he ultimately attained all but dissertation status.

In order to earn money while writing his dissertation, Shanker became a substitute mathematics teacher at Public School 179 in East Harlem, a historically working class neighborhood near Columbia's campus.

He later taught mathematics in a full-time role at Junior High School 126 in the Astoria section of Queens from 1953 to 1959.

He began his tenure as a union organizer in 1959 to help organize the Teacher's Guild, a New York City affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers that was founded by John Dewey in 1917.

Eventually, the Teacher's Guild merged with New York City's High School Teacher's Association to form the United Federation of Teachers (UFT) in 1960.

During the 1960s, Shanker received national attention and considerable criticism for his aggressive union leadership and skillful negotiation of salary increases for New York City teachers.

He left his teaching job to become a full-time union organizer.

He felt that a teachers' union would be more effective if it were united with a common set of goals.

In 1964, Shanker succeeded Charles Cogen as the UFT president, a position he held until 1985.

In 1967 and again in 1968, he served jail sentences for leading illegal teachers' strikes.

The New York City teacher's strike of 1968 closed down almost all New York City schools for 36 days.

Perhaps Shanker is best known for opposing community-control leaders in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville district of New York City, which led to the 1968 strike after white teachers were dismissed from the school district by the recently appointed black administrator.

For more than a decade, Shanker wrote more than 1,300 columns in The New York Times (which appeared as paid advertisements) and essays in other publications.

Accompanied by a small photograph of Shanker, the Times columns, titled "Where We Stand", sought to clarify the union's position on matters of public interest.

In 1968, Black and Puerto Rican parents in Brooklyn were piloting a community school program, known as community control, where school districts had the power to hire, fire, and approve budgets at the local level.

The pilot program was design to fight school segregation and racial inequity in school policies, teacher hiring, and Black and Puerto Rican student outcomes.

When the majority Black and Puerto Rican school board fired 14 white union teachers for underperformance, President of the UFT, Shanker led UFT teachers in a strike to oppose community control.

When the UFT proposed Lesson Plans on African-American History, “Shanker personally intervened and cut out radical ideas.” His intervention included removal of two chapters on Malcom X and Fredrick Douglass’s words, “power concedes nothing without a demand.”

Shanker was a key figure in building the United Federation of Teachers and was elected president of the American Federation of Teachers in 1974.

He was re-elected every two years until his death.

Shanker's organizing efforts for educators cannot be separated from the legacy of his actions related to racial equity and anti-Blackness.

Shanker is remembered for his actions during the Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis.

In 1975, the UFT authorized a five-day strike, leading to allegedly saving New York City from bankruptcy after Shanker asked the Teachers' Retirement System to invest $150 million in municipal bonds.

On September 21, 1981, Shanker had dinner with Leon B. Applewhaite, a personal friend and one of the three members of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA).

Applewhaite was involved in deciding whether to uphold the decertification of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization for the strike they had called in August of that year.

During the dinner, Shanker urged Applewhaite not to decertify the union, an action which plainly violated the prohibition on the ex parte contact contained in the federal Administrative Procedure Act.

Although the contact was not ultimately found to have legal consequences, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals criticized Shanker's behavior in their review of the FLRA's decision.