Afonso Dhlakama

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January 1953 – 3 May 2018) was a Mozambican politician and the leader of RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla movement that fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Civil War before signing a peace agreement and becoming an opposition political party in the early 1990s.

Dhlakama was born in Mangunde, Sofala Province.

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican government forces in 1979, Dhlakama became leader.

By 1984, Dhalakama was both commander in chief of RENAMO's forces and head of the governing body, the 12-member executive council.

As leader of RENAMO Dhlakama sought to destabilise the FRELIMO government through guerilla strategies.

Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of its power, controlling large parts of the country, especially in the north and being able to carry out raids virtually anywhere outside the major cities.

In its fight RENAMO was supported by conservative circles in some western countries, including the United States, Portugal, the Brazilian right-wing military regime, and most importantly by the white led governments of Rhodesia and South Africa to whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was a target due to its support of rebel movements within their countries.

However, the end of the cold war, the collapse of Rhodesia's Smith government and, most importantly, the transition taking place in South Africa eventually deprived RENAMO of its financial supporters and arms suppliers.

Thus, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which had also lost its supporters from the eastern power block, finally signed a peace treaty in October 1992.

RENAMO subsequently transformed itself into a legal political party under the continued leadership of Afonso Dhlakama.

According to the US State Department and some other sources, under Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically committed crimes against humanity as part of its war effort.

These include mass killing and mutilation of non-combatants during raids on villages and towns as well as systematically forcing civilians into RENAMO's employment, though FRELIMO had used similar methods during its fight against the Portuguese.

What differed was the abduction of children to use them as child soldiers.

It is estimated that one third of RENAMO forces were under 18.

Abducted people also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public service functions in the areas it controlled.

Refusing to work for RENAMO would be punished by heavy beating or even on-the-spot execution as were flight attempts, though this was also used by FRELIMO.

One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing of children left behind by escaped parents.

Dhlakama has competed as the RENAMO candidate in all three multiparty presidential elections held in Mozambique.

In 1994, he was defeated by incumbent president and FRELIMO candidate Joaquim Chissano by a margin of 53.3% to 33.7%.

He received 47.7% of the vote in the 1999 presidential election with Chissano capturing 52.3%.

In the December 2004 presidential election, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza, who received 63.7% of the vote to his 31.7%.

International observers to the elections criticised the fact that the National Electoral Commission (CNE) did not conduct entirely fair and transparent elections.

They listed a whole range of serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the ruling party FRELIMO.

Upon the creation of the Council of State, a body tasked with advising the President, Dklahama was included on the Council due to his role as leader of the opposition; he and the other members of the council were sworn in on 23 December 2005.

He said that he accepted his seat on the council for the sake of national stability.

Dhlakama was injured in a car crash in Maputo on 10 June 2007.

A RENAMO spokesman described the injuries as minor.

Although RENAMO was apparently weakened by the defection of Daviz Simango, who formed a new party, Dhlakama was re-elected for another five-year term as RENAMO leader on 22 July 2009 at a party congress in Nampula Province, defeating another candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao.

He was RENAMO's candidate in the October 2009 presidential election.

Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to reestablish RENAMO's armed forces and to let the country "burn".

In 2011 he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to rid the government from power and establishing new barracks for this purpose.

In October 2012 Dhlakama relocated to RENAMO's former headquarters near Casa Banana in Gorongosa and set up a training camp for several hundred partially armed followers.

He threatened to destroy the country if his political demands were not met.

However, the local press considered this threat to be another bluff, doubting that Dhlakama had the means to start any serious insurrection.

In April 2013, Renamo militants attacked the riot police's headquarters in the central Mozambican town of Muxungue.

Four policemen and a civilian were confirmed dead, while ten servicemen were hospitalised.

According to the police, the leader of the attackers was also killed.

The attackers were trying to free fifteen of their comrades who had been arrested in a police raid on a Renamo camp the day before.

Police claimed that Renamo was conducting illegal military training at the camp.

A Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate against any attack and not only in the location where it occurs, but across the entire country, including [...] Maputo."