Aden Adde

Somalia was colonized by the Italian government from 1889 to 1941.

Aden Abdulle Osman Da’ar (Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan Dacar, آدم عبد الله عثمان دعر) (December 9, 1908 – June 8, 2007), popularly known as Aden Adde, was a Somali politician who served as the first president of the Somali Republic from July 1, 1960 to July 6, 1967.

Daar was born on December 9, 1908, in the town of Beledweyne, situated in the south-central Hiraan region of Somalia.

He hails from the Udejeen, Abdile Afarah clan of Hawiye.

He was an orphan, who lost his parents at a young age.

Daar, was an avid reader, and self taught on many subjects.

He spoke Arabic, Somali, Italian and English.

From 1929 to 1941, Osman Daar served in the Italian Colonial Administration advocating for Somalia's independence from colonization.

He was a proponent for the unity of all Somalis.

He previously served in the Somali Youth League In 1944.

Daar joined the incipient Somali Youth League (SYL) political party in 1944, a nationalist organization that campaigned for an independent Somalia.

In 1946, he was named Secretary of the party's section in Beledweyne, Somalia.

Quickly rising through the ranks, he became the local secretary of the SYL's Beledweyne branch in 1946.

A decade later, he became Chairman of the National Legislative Assembly, and would eventually lead the SYL itself two years afterwards.

In 1951, the Mudug Regional Council appointed him for the Regional Council, and two years later, he became Vice President of the Regional Council.

From 1954 until 1956, he was the President of the Somali Youth League.

He was re-elected in May 1958, and he continued to hold this position simultaneously along with that of Speaker of the Legislative Assembly until 1960.

Osman Daar was born in Beledweyne, Somalia.

He studied at government schools, and worked as a community organizer.

In 1960, Osman Daar garnered national attention, and won the favor of the Somali people.

He was formally and democratically elected as the first president of Somalia on July 1, 1960.

On July 1, 1960, the United Nations approved Somalia's independence, and subsequently united with the former British protectorate of British Somaliland, which had already obtained its independence on June 26, 1960.

His administration was focused on dismantling the legacy of colonialism and fostering unity among the Somali people.

By the time Somalia gained its independence in 1960, Daar had attained widespread prominence as a nationalist figure.

In short order, he was elected the country's first President, a position he would assume from 1960 to 1967.

In his tenure, he proactively pursued an irredentist national policy for the restoration of lost Somali territories.

His publicised First Five Year Plan (1963-1967) demonstrated its simple development strategy concentrated on a handful of projects: an increased output of sugar through expanding the productive capacity of the existing factory at Jowhar; the development of meat packing, fish processing, milk and dairy products, textiles, and a few other industries; the construction or improvement of a number of roads; building three seaports at Kismayo, Berbera, and Mogadiscio; the expansion of irrigation for crops and fodder; the formation of a number of state farms; certain improvements in social services, including education and health.

Sectoral allocations of planned investment outlays reflected a greater priority for physical infrastructure than agricultural development or population settlement.

Though the Plan was essentially a public expenditure programme, it also gave considerable encouragement to private enterprise, offering incentives in the form of protection, exemption from certain taxes for a limited period and the grant of loans on favourable terms to those firms prepared to invest in industries which have a reasonable scope for becoming profitable and the establishment of which is desirable in the national interest.

Notable incidents include the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War, the Shifta War of Kenya, the Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis battle for Djiboutian Independence as well as support for the ELF in Eritrea and the Bale Revolt of the Oromo in Ethiopia.

His rivals in Kenya and Ethiopia had subsequently signed a defence pact in 1965 in order to curb what they deemed as expansion on their doorstep.

In line with these policies, President Aden also enrolled Somalia into a number of organisations to advocate for the freedom and liberties of all colonised nations such as the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of African Unity and the World Muslim Congress in which Somalia hosted the Congress' 6th conference in 1966.

Notable countries which Somalia in his time advocated for and supported with men or material include South Africa and Palestine during the Six Day War.

Known as the Switzerland of Africa for its free market and democracy, Somalia under President Aden pursued modest economic planning to improve domestic revenue.

In the 1967 presidential election, Aden was defeated by Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, his former Prime Minister.

His term as president ended on July 6, 1967.

Aden accepted the loss graciously, making history as the first head of state in Africa (excluding Liberia) to peacefully hand over power to a democratically elected successor.

Shermarke was assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards.

The slaying led to an unopposed, bloodless coup d'état by the Somali Army on October 21, 1969, the day after Shermarke's funeral.

Spearheading the putsch was Major General Muhammad Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.